Psychology Exam 1
Who was William Wundt
german scientist, first person to be referred to as a psychologist, father of psychology set up his first lab in 1879, studied reaction time, conscious, awareness, and perception
The Center for Investigating Healthy Minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________.
healthy aspects of the mind, such as kindness, forgiveness, compassion, and mindfulness
What is general adaptation syndrome?
how to body reacts to stress and the process of stress adaption; occurs in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion
What is HIV?
human immunodeficiency virus; causes AIDS; the virus enters the body and then resides and multiplies primarily in the white blood cells
What is long-term memory?
includes everything from a few minutes ago to something you can remember from days, weeks, or years ago; has no limits
What is encoding?
once we retrieve information from the environment, our brains label or code it; then organize the information with other similar information and connect new concepts to existing ones
Psychology refers to the ________.
scientific study of behavior and mental processes systematic study of human interaction
What are the techniques for storage
scripts, hierarchies, schemas; creation of a permanent record of information
How do we retrieve
search process and activation process
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?
self-reference effect
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
What are the types of memory
sensory, short-term, long-term, procedural, declarative, episodic
When was psychology first accepted as a separate academic discipline?
1800s
Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.
William James was the ________.
First American Psychologist
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
Francis Cecil Sumner
Who came up with the general adaptation syndrome?
Hans Seyle; a noted endocrinologist
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines how they make sense of an object or sensation.
Her own subconscious experience
Who is Ebbinghaus?
Hermann Ebbinghaus was a german psychologist; he researched how the brain memorizes
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
Knowing your opinion is correct
What are scripts?
a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation
What are some studying strategies
be consistent, don't multi-task, don't cram, use mnemonics, quiz yourself
________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.
biofeedback
Functionalist psychologists focus on the interaction of behavior within the environment and ________.
the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts understanding the id, ego, and superego
What is psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
What is memory?
the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
What is functionalism
the study of the mind in the environment; attempt to understand the characteristics and structure of the mind
Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
theory
What is problem-focused coping?
when someone identifies the problem, considers the solutions, weighs the costs and benefits for the solutions and then selects an alternative
What is emotion-focused coping?
when someone makes an effort to change or reduce the negative emotions associated with stress
What does recognition mean?
when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again
Maintenance
working to prevent relapse
Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?
If Marta is a master's student, it's a thesis. If she's going for her Ph.D., it's a dissertation.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model is also called
Information processing model
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
Study the function of behavior
What does SQ3R stand for?
Survey, question, read, recite, review
What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?
The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
Three basic functions of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
What occurs during alarm reaction?
fight-flight reactions begin
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.
forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
Precontemplation
not aware of behavior, no intention to change
The empirical method of study is based on ________.
observation and data
Which of the following defines hypothesis?
tentative explanation
What is retrieval?
the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
What occurs during resistance?
the body begins to adapt to continuing stress
Why is health psychology important?
these people play a major role in the promotion of healthy behavior, preventing disease and improving patients quality of life
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
What does it mean to recall something?
you can access information without cues
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school
Who said, "The intensity and chronicity of human stress is governed largely by perceived control over the demands of one's life"?
Albert Bandura
Which of the following statements about the relationship between stress and performance is true?
As stress levels increase from low to moderate, performance also increases.
Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?
Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates
Who named "structuralism"
Edward Titchener
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?
It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world, but it hasn't been proven 100% true.
Psychology studies behaviors. Why is running a behavior?
It's observable
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________.
Perceivable and measurable
What is active reading?
Read for meaning; check your understanding by asking yourself a question after each paragraph or subsection.
Wundt used introspection as a data collection method. What did James use?
Stream of consciousness
Who was Carolyn Attneave?
The first Native American psychologist with a Ph.D.
What should be changed to make the following statement true? In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight reaction describes the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency.
The phrase "fight-or-flight" should be changed to the word "alarm."
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective.
Char heard from her friends that marijuana use can cure glaucoma so it should be legal in all 50 states. Char knows that she is biased in favor of marijuana legalization, so she decides to exercise some skepticism about this claim. She researches where her friends got their information, how reliable it is, and what other sources say about legalizing marijuana. Char is ________. (After her research, she realizes that marijuana doesn't CURE glaucoma; however, it may temporarily affect symptoms, and it does have side effects, for many people.)
Thinking critically
Why do we study psychology
To identify the complexity of behavior, become more acquainted with the scientific method, and grow their critical thinking skills
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
Wihelm Wundt
Introspection was a method used by which psychologist?
William James
Who founded functionalism?
William James
What is AIDS?
acquired immune deficiency syndrome; damages or kills specific immune cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the person vulnerable to infections and illnesses ranging from pneumonia-cancer
When is a problem-focused approach to managing stress?
actively try to do things to address the problem
What occurs during exhaustion?
adaptive energy is depleted, and stress begins to take a physical toll
What is the Forgetting Curve?
after Ebbinghaus ran test on himself he found that the average person will lose 50% of the information they just memorized after 20 minutes and then 70% after 24 hours
Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.
challenge; threat
Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.
daily hassle
What is a schema?
described pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationship among them
What are the goals of psychology
describing behavior, understanding behavior, predicting behavior, controlling behavior
What are the goals of psychology?
describing behavior, understanding behavior, predicting behavior, controlling behavior
People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.
distress
What does it mean to relearn?
involves learning information that you previously learned
How does memory go to storage?
it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, then long-term memory
Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.
less stress than someone who has no effective options
In order for a memory to get stored, it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.
long-term
Ways of encoding for long-term memory are
meaning, elaboration, organization, mnemonic devices
What does PEP mean?
means taking antiretroviral medicines after potentially being exposed to HIV to prevent becoming infected; should only be used in emergency situations and be stated within 72 hours of being exposed
What are repressed memories?
memories that have been unconsciously blocked due to the memory being associated with a high level of stress or trauma
Action
modified and commitment to time and energy
Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.
social support
Which of the following is not a good way to help you remember the names of all 50 states?
stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study
What is sensory memory?
storage of brief sensory events such as sights, sounds, and tastes; only last a couple seconds
What are hierarchies?
systems in which concepts are arranged from more general to more specific
What is short-term memory?
temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; takes information from sensory memory and connects the memory with something already in the long-term memory; last 20 seconds
Behavior Change Phases
1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination Phase
When and where was William Wundt active
1832-1920 in Germany
When and where was William James active
1842-1910 - U.S.
When and where was Edward Titchener active
1867-1927 - U.S. and was a student of Wundt
When did Wundt's psychology lab start?
1879
Who was Martha Bernal
1st Latina Ph.D. in U.S. 1962
Who was Carolyn Attneave
1st Native American Ph.D 1952
Who was Inez Beverly Prosser
1st female African American Ph.D 1952
Who was Margaret Washburn
1st female Ph.D in 1894
Who was Francis Cecil Sumner
1st male African-American Ph.D 1920
In psychology, what is one difference between a PsyD and a Ph.D. ?
A PsyD is for somebody who only wants to treat clients; a Ph.D. is for somebody who is interested in research.
How to study and learn: what is the LISAN method
L = Lead (read before class; come with questions) I = Ideas (what is the point of the lecture right now) S = Signal words A = Actively listen (bobble-head, participate) N = Note-taking (write main points with enough examples; re-read them over time)
Whether you are online or in-the-seat, the best way to take notes is
LISAN
Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely.
What is health psychology?
a subfield of psychology devoted to understanding the importance of psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill
What are flashbulb memories>?
an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Critical thinking is ________.
applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
Rheumatoid arthritis is considered a(n) ________ disease because it involves the body mistaking its own healthy cells for invaders and repeatedly attacking them.
autoimmune
Encoding information occurs through ________.
automatic processing and effortful processing
Contemplation
aware that problem exists, thinking about change; weighing pros and cons
Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
chronic
What is episodic memory?
information about events we have personally experienced
Preparation
intend to change, modified but not committed
Peter is interested in pursuing a ________ training program with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after he receives his PhD, which will allow him to further develop his research on adolescent suicide and broaden his research skills under the supervision of CDC researchers.
postdoctoral
Keegan is a police officer. She was recently placed on administrative leave because she was shot during an armed robbery. Since the shooting, she can't stop thinking about how it felt to be shot, she is often angry with her husband, she jumps when she hears a loud noise, and she takes a 15 minute detour when driving home to avoid the neighborhood where it happened. Keegan probably suffers from ________.
posttraumatic stress disorder
What does PrEP mean?
pre-exposure to prophylaxis; use of drugs to prevent disease in people who have not yet been exposed to a disease-causing agent, usually a virus
What are the types of coping?
problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping
What is introspection?
process in which someone examines their own experience
What is stress?
process where an individual perceives and responds to events that one appraises as overwhelming or threatening to one's well being
Test-taking
read the questions carefully, answer all questions, multiple-choice test look for signal words
What are the three ways to retrieve information?
recall, recognition, relearning
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
rehearsal
Ways of encoding for short-term memory are
rehearsal and chunking
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde; anterograde
What is scientific study
scientific method is used
Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
suggestibility
What are some unhealthy behavior risks?
too much stress can lead to unhealthy behaviors such as asthma, depression, tension headaches, cardiovascular disorders, and psychophysiological disorders
When is a emotion-focused approach to managing stress?
treating the symptoms rather than the actual cause
What is structuralism?
way of thinking about how thought is processed; studied through introspection, attempt to understand the characteristics and structure of the mind
What is behavior
what people do, observable stuff through sight and hearing
What is mental
what people think, how we think about things, emotions, thoughts
What is HIV+?
when someone has tested positive for the HIV virus