Psychology Exam 2

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Treatments of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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*OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER*

(obsessions) persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness (compulsions) repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

What are possible treatments for GAD?

*CBT is the treatment of choice* Cognitive restructuring Relaxation training Medications

What treatments are used for specific phobia and social anxiety disorder?

*Learning based procedures* Systematic desensitization Exposure techniques Modeling *Group CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder includes in- and out-of-session exposure and social skills training*

Symptoms of Malingering

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Depression vs. Grief

- DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of major depressives excluded negative life event of death of close relative or friend (known as bereavement exclusion) - were not able to qualify for diagnosis until 2 months after loss - DSM-5 eliminated bereavement exclusion in order to include those who actually do develop major depressive disorder following death of loved one (so as not to deny them needed resources)

Treatment for Depressive Disorders

- Drugs; SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft), MAOIs (Nardil), tricyclics(imipramine) - psychotherapy/cognitive therapy (help patients realize their patterns of selective abstraction and develop rational self-statements) - interpersonal therapy - ECT (electric shock can be considered as a last resort)

Symptoms of Social Phobia

- Hold unrealistically high social standards and believe they must perform perfectly in social situations - View themselves as unattractive social beings - View themselves as socially unskilled and inadequate - Believe they are always in danger of behaving incompetently in social situations - Believe that inept behaviors in social situations will inevitably lead to terrible consequences - Believe they have no control over feelings of anxiety that emerge during social situations

Obsessions vs compulsions

- Obsessions: repeated intrusive uncontrollable THOUGHTS/impulses that cause distress - Compulsions: repeated physical/mental BEHAVIORS that are done in RESPONSE to an obsession

Genetic Causes of anxiety disorders

- anxiety disorders are modestly heritable (20%-30%) - genetic risk factors are not specific

Case Study: Ed's OCD

- anxiety surrounding writing, improperly formed letters reminded him of violent acts, using letters associated with loved ones meant these acts would occur to him - avoided writing as much as possible, this was overcome w/ antidepressant drug, Anafranil and repeated exposure to writing excercises - irrational fear of axes overcome with exposure - also a fear of accidental ingestion of mind-altering drug triggered by bad experience with marijuana

Depressive Disorder Frequency/Prevalence

- depressive disorders much more common than bipolar disorders - risk of relapse decreases as the period of remission (being free of depression) increases - The 1st episode typically occurs in early 30s - clinical depression less common among elderly people, more common in young and middle-aged adults - increased prevalence among women (maybe because of more reports) -non-western cultures tend to report somatic symptoms of depression

Prevention and Treatment of ASD and PTSD

- emergency help: CISD (not proven to be effective may make things worse) - treatment for veterans (immediate treatment, proximity to battlefield, expectation to return to front lines = effective) - cognitive behavior therapy for PTSD (prolonged exposure) - Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (reliving nightmares while awake and rewriting them) - Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing/EMDR (is helpful, no research explains why) -Antidepressant medication (SSRIs, only about 30% of PTSD patients recover with medication, last resort)

Case Study: A Writer's Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

- experienced several panic attacks in public (not visible to others unless they know what to look for) - constant fear of future attacks - fear of future attacks affected social behavior - experienced panic attack in bed

Case Study - Debbie's Manic Episode

- experiencing manic episode, impulsively quit job visited long-distance boyfriend - irritable mood, aggressive and very irrational behavior - admitted to mental hospital because of manic episode - upon arrival had no insight into her condition, afterwards gained insight and helped other patients do the same

Case Study: Amber's Skin Picking

- graduate student, picks at her skin and goes into a trance until she realizes what she is doing - produces awful scabbing and open bleeding - is relatively calm following episodes

Biological Causes of Depression

- heredity(genes and environment contribute equally) - hormone dysregulation - loss of hippocampus neurons - physical trauma - homozygous for short allele of 5-HTT (serotonin transporter) correlated with high risk for becoming depressed/sensitivity to stress - elevation in amygdala activity - abnormal patterns of pre-frontal cortex (PFC) activity - decreased activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine involvement - no specific gene responsible - polygenic!

Biological Causes of Bipolar Disorders

- heritability (play a larger role for bipolar disorders than in depression) - hormone dysregulation - trauma - elevation in amygdala activity - serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine involvement

Bipolar Disorder Frequency/Prevalence

- onset usually occurs between 18-22 years of age - the average duration of manic episodes is between 2-3 months (onset is not always sudden) - long term course of the disorder is often intermittent - some recover and function well while others experience continued impairment - no real gendered differences

Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

- psychoanalytic psychotherapy (not been found to be effective in controlled outcome studies) - exposure (use of hierarchy of fears; situational exposure - treats agoraphobic avoidance, repeated confrontation of avoided situations; interoceptive exposure - treats panic disorder, the goal is to reduce person's fear of internal, bodily sensations associated with the onset of a panic attack, engages in exercises that reproduce these sensations - relaxation and breathing training - modeling - challenge cognitive distortions via cognitive therapy - antianxiety medications (benzodiazepines - enhance GABA activity, treats specific phobias, side effects include interference of motor skills and attentional problems, are addictive) - antidepressant medications (SSRIs and a tryclic, Imipramine)

Case study - Cathy (Major Depressive Episode)

- received promotion within her form leading to feelings of self doubt and unworthiness - depression worsened following incident in which a client she was primarily responsible for switched firms leading to self-blame - lethargic, not sleeping, decreased appetite, lack of motivation >> diagnosis of depressive disorder

Symptoms of Specific Phobia

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Social Causes of Anxiety Disorders

- stressful life events most likely one involving danger, insecurity or family discord - childhood adversity such as maternal/paternal changes and physical abuse, neglect - attachment relationships/separation anxiety

Case Study: An Admiral's Suicide - Admiral Boorda

- upon accusations that his two medals were not legitimate and recent plans to interview with a news source, committed suicide - showed no signs of depression before or the morning of the suicide - psychopathology doesn't explain all suicidal behavior

Treatment of Dissociative Amnesia

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Treatment of Dissociative Fugue

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Case study: Dissociative Fuge - Dallae

-disappeared during final exams her junior year (at a CA school) found on the east coast after 4-week investigation going under a different identity - mother comes to hospital, Dalle eventually regains her memory and becomes increasingly upset

Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder

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Treatment of Malingering

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Diagnosis of Phobias

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Diagnosis of Social Phobia

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Diagnosis of Specific Phobia

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Symptoms of Acute Stress Disorder

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Symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder

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Cognitive Symptoms of Depression

1. Depression triad - focus on negative features of themselves, their environments, and the future 2. Sped up thoughts 3. Self-Destructive Ideas

Describe the characteristics of prevalence in OCD

1-3% of general population f>m Up to half of cases begin in childhood or adolescence Similar symptom presentation worldwide Level of impairment may be culturally influenced

What are the five specifiers of agoraphobia?

1. 2. 3. Transportation/traveling 4. Being in a crowd 5. Being outside the home

Somatic Symptoms of Depression

1. Sleeping Problems 2. Change in Appetite and subsequent weight loss/gain 3. Loss of Interest in Various Activities 4. Ill-Defined Complaints - e.g frequent headaches, muscular aches

What is the estimated prevalence rate of hoarding disorder?

1.5-6%, more common in men

One of the most serious problems associated with mood disorders is suicide. What percentage of depressed persons under psychiatric care attempt suicide?

15%

How many symptoms must be present to diagnose a manic episode?

3 or more, 4 is mood is only irritable

Persistent Depressive Disorder has about a ____% lifetime prevalence rate in the US

Diagnosis of Panic Disorder

4 of the following symptoms- palpitations of the heart, tingling in the hands or feet, shortness of breath, sweating, hot and cold flashes, trembling, chest pains, choking sensations, faintness, dizziness, and a feeling of unreality.

In as many as _________% of cases of major depression, individuals will experience recurrent episodes.

67%

How many symptoms need to be present to diagnose a major depressive episode?

5 or more symptoms during the same two week period, force a change in functioning

Antidepressants are about equally effective, producing improvements in ________% of adults

50-60%

Overall, psychotherapy of any type yields a _______% remission rate of depression at follow-up (~____-____ sessions)

62, ~12, 18

What is the average age of diagnosing specific phobias?

7-11, during childhood

Depressive Disorders

A category of psychopathology that includes various conditions that involve episodes of depressed mood and associated symptoms that include cognitive symptoms (such as feelings of guilt, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of suicide) and somatic symptoms (such as changes in appetite, sleep problems, and loss of energy)

Define anxiety

A diffuse or vague sense of apprehension accompanied by fearful behavior and physiological arousal

*ACUTE STRESS DISORDER*

A disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month

Define hypomanic episode

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day Same set of symptoms as seen with manic episode The disturbance is not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to necessitate hospitalization (also cannot include psychotic features)

Relapse

A falling back into an old illness after period of remission

Define agoraphobia

A fear of open spaces or of being separated from a safe place, individuals often fear leaving home alone, traveling, public, basic concern is usually having a panic attack while they are here

Define depressive disorders

A group of emotional disturbances in which a person experiences a low, unhappy mood and has difficulty maintaining a more neutral or positive emotional state

Which of the following accurately describes hypomania?

A less severe form of mania

To diagnose an individual with major depressive disorder, each of the following criteria must be met EXCEPT

A negative life event must have preceded the onset of symptoms

Natasha had a terrifying experience today. She felt a choking sensation, was dizzy and nauseous, had trouble breathing, and thought she was going absolutely crazy. What has she experienced?

A panic attack

Manic episodes, the hallmark of bipolar disorders, involve, in part:

A persistently elevated or irritable mood, along with an increase in goal-directed activity High distractibility with unrealistic goals and risky pursuits High energy and grandiose self-esteem

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

Define fear

A set of emotional, behavioral, and physical responses to danger

Clinical Depression

A syndrome of depression in which a depressed mood is accompanied by several other symptoms, (e.g. fatigue, loss of energy, sleeping difficulties, and changes in appetite). Also involves a variety of changes in thinking and overt behavior.

Which of the following is an example of the primary prevention of intellectual disabilities? a. vaccinations for rubella b. early stimulation programs for children with Down syndrome c. the Special Olympics d. enrollment in Head Start programs

A. vaccinations for rubella

Describe the onset of hoarding disorder

Age of onset likely before 20; severity increases with age Chronic course

What are some common obsessions associated with OCD?

Aggressive, sexual, and/or religious forbidden thoughts Symmetry/ordering Contamination

Fear can be an adaptive response to threat. Jason's level of fear, however, is pervasive, uncontrollable, intense, and interferes with his day-to-day activities. In other words, Jason has a(n) ________ disorder.

Anxiety

Mrs. Gordeeva's neighbors find it odd that she never leaves her house. The neighbors have heard that there is nothing physically wrong with her, but rumor has it that she had some kind of "attack" once when she was by herself at the mall and has never been the same since. What disorder is most likely?

Agoraphobia

obsessive-compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

What are some biological factors associated with the onset of GAD?

Abnormal amygdala and prefrontal cortex activation Abnormal frontal lobe circuits Cognitive avoidance theory

Define manic episode

Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased goal-directed activity or energy lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary) and present most of the day, nearly every day

Course and Outcome of OCD

Although many patients improve, OCD is a chronic disorder for many people

Dysphoric

An unpleasant mood, such as sadness, anxiety, or irritability; associated with major depression dysthymia, and some forms of anxiety disorders

Jakob used to enjoy hiking outdoors and spending time with friends, but since he has begun feeling depressed he has lost interest in these and other activities that he typically enjoys. This symptom of depression is called

Anhedonia

List the different types of specifiers for specific phobia

Animal (includes insects) Natural Environment (e.g., storms, heights) Blood-Injection-Injury (e.g., needles, invasive medical procedures) Situational (e.g., elevators, buses, airplanes) Other (e.g., situations that may lead to choking)

Define generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Anxiety is experienced as "free floating" (not connected to any specific stimulus) and is pervasive enough to interfere with daily functioning

affect

Appearance of observable emotions

Describe the classification of compulsions

Are generally linked to obsessions Bring about immediate, short-lived relief from anxiety Cause the bulk of the dysfunction and distress found in this disorder

rapid cycling specifier

At least 4 episodes of a mood disturbance in the previous year that meet criteria for major depression, mania, and/or hypomania within 12-month period.

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor/SITUATION

Recently, more psychiatrists have been prescribing Seroquel (traditionally used to treat schizophrenia) to aid in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Seroquel belongs to which class of medication?

Atypical antipsychotic

Describe the social factors associated with causing OCD and related disorders

Authoritarian parenting Low warmth/nurturance and high behavioral control Childhood trauma Adverse life events

Individuals with ________ are preoccupied with one or more perceived defects in their physical appearance and perform repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to these appearance-related concerns.

BDD

Describe good/fair insight of OCD

Being aware the compulsions may not ACTUALLY affect what one thinks they will

Describe poor insight of OCD

Being unaware that compulsions will not affect outcome of life events

What types of medication are used to treat GAD?

Benzodiazepines SSRIs

What types of medications are used to treat panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Benzodiazepines Anti-depressants

Treatment of OCD

Biological treatments - SSRI antidepressants like Clomipramine/Anafranil (outcome improved when combined with behavioral interventions) Behavioral treatments - Flooding - Response prevention

Tasha was admitted to the hospital after she was arrested for writing thousands of dollars in bad checks over the past two weeks. A psychological evaluation requested by her lawyer revealed clear manic episodes, with a history of major depressive episodes in the last year. What diagnostic category would best fit this description?

Bipolar I

Types of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I Bipolar II Cyclothymia

Bipolar I Disorder

Bipolar disorder in which person has experienced at least one manic episode. Does not require that they have experienced episode of depression, but most do

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Block 5-HT (serotonin) reuptake

Tricyclics (TCAs)

Block reuptake of 5-HT (serotonin) and norepinephrine

What are some possible treatments for panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Breathing retraining Increase sense of control Cognitive restructuring Interoceptive exposure to somatic cues that often trigger an attack Medication

Which of the following is NOT a type of antidepressant medication? a. tricyclic (TCA) b. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Incorrect c. lithium d. monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI)

C. lithium

What are some common compulsions associated with OCD?

Checking Counting and organizing Washing and avoiding germs

What are the three channels through which fear and anxiety are expressed?

Cognitive distress, distortions, and ruminations Physiological arousal Behavioral disruptions and avoidance

Treatment for Bipolar Disorders

Combination of mood-stabilizing medications, psychotherapy, and psycho-education; lithium and anticonvulsant medications

A ____ is a repetitive, nearly irresistible act that a person performs, often in response to some obsessive thought.

Compulsion

Malingering

Deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain.

What are possible symptoms for a Major Depressive Episode?

Depressed mood most of the day (note: in children, mood can be irritable) Diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities most of the day Significant weight loss or weight gain or decrease or increase in appetite Insomnia or hypersomnia Psychomotor agitation or retardation Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (may be delusional) Diminished ability to think or concentrate or indecisiveness Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation with or without a plan, suicide attempt(s)

What are the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder?

Depressed mood observed for at least 2 years (note: in children and adolescents, mood can be irritable and duration must be at least 1 year) 2+ of the following: Poor appetite or overeating Insomnia or hypersomnia Low energy or fatigue Low self-esteem Poor concentration or indecision Feelings of hopelessness

To address concerns about potential over-diagnosis and over-treatment of bipolar disorder in children, which new diagnosis in the depressive disorders category was included in the DSM-5 for children from age 6 up to age 18 who exhibit chronic, persistent irritability?

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Describe cognitive-behavioral factors associated with causing BDD

Distorted cognitions and reinforcing avoidance behaviors maintain symptoms Distorted cognitions may arise from teasing or abuse, as well as a biological vulnerability to anxiety

Treatment for Mood Disorders

ECT, light therapy (seasonal disorders)

Describe the psychological factors associated with the onset of depressive disorders

Early experiences with loss or disappointment Insecure attachments Lack of positive reinforcement Excess of punishment Distorted thinking Perceived lack of control that leads to hopelessness Perseveration and rumination about self

Causes of OCD

Early life experiences and learning that some thoughts are dangerous/unacceptable (thought suppression), overactivity of basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and orbital prefrontal cortex

Describe the social factors associated with the onset of bipolar disorders

Early trauma and abuse Conflicts in interpersonal relationships Recent negative life events Other chronic stressors Lack of social support, high social strain, high expressed emotion

What types of therapy can be used to treat depressive disorders?

Electroconvulsive therapy Light therapy Psychotherapy (CBT, Interpersonal, Behavioral, Motivational)

________ theory suggests that natural selection made it advantageous for individuals to be highly fearful of predators and other potentially lethal stimuli because those whose fears led to successful escape or avoidance were the most likely to survive.

Evolutionary

Euphoria

Exaggerated feeling of great happiness or well-being; typically associated with manic episodes in bipolar mood disorders

Which new DSM-5 diagnosis is best summarized as recurrent skin picking that results in skin lesions, clinically significant distress or functional impairment, along with repeated attempts to stop or decrease the picking behavior?

Excoriation disorder

Individuals with major depressive disorder could experience each of the following symptoms EXCEPT

Expansive euphoria

Describe CBT as it is used in treating OCD and related disorders

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) Tailored strategies for Hoarding Disorder Habit reversal training for Hair-Pulling and Skin-Picking Disorders

Treatment of Phobias

Exposure treatments: Systematic desensitization- learn to relax while gradually facing the objects or situations that they fear. (relaxation training teaches clients how to bring on a state of deep muscle relaxation at will). (fear hierarchy is a list of feared objects or situations) Flooding- therapists believe that people will stop fearing things when they are exposed to them repeatedly and made to see that they are actually quite harmless. Modeling- the therapist confronts the feared object or situation while the fearful person observes (participant modeling, client is actively encouraged to join in with the therapist)

Virtually all behavioral treatments for OCD and related disorders are based on the principle of

Extinction

Describe the epidemiology of trichotillomania

F>m Typical age of onset is during or after puberty Prevalence estimates 1-13.3%

Describe the epidemiology of excoriation disorder

F>m Typical age of onset is in early 20s, after puberty Prevalence estimates 1.4-5.4%

Celine's sympathetic nervous system is sending her intense fear messages. She did need to quickly overcome her fear of flying, but as she sits in her seat during actual takeoff as part of her third therapy session, she wonders if she's made a horrible mistake. Once her sympathetic nervous system becomes fatigued, however, Celine begins to feel calmer; after two hours, her fear has subsided completely. What process has she gone through?

FLooding

Describe the cognitive-behavioral factors associated with causing hoarding disorder

Faulty beliefs about one's possessions E.g., "I might need it someday" Extreme emotional attachments to possessions Saving = avoidance behavior Not throwing something out reduces distress associated with potentially making the wrong decision regarding the cherished possession Saving/avoidance reduces anxiety

Fear vs. Anxiety

Fear is a response to a specific threat. (i.e. a rattlesnake in the garden) Anxiety is a response to a nonspecific threat. (i.e. first day on new job or a first date.)

Define panic

Fear when no actual danger is present

Symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

For a period of at least two days, but no longer than 4 weeks... Nine or more of 14 symptoms can occur: recurrent, involuntary, and distressing memories, recurrent distressing dreams, dissociative reactions (flashbacks), significant distress at exposure to cues of the event(s), marked physiological reactions to reminders of the event, persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the negative event, negative changes in cognitions and moods, such as the inability to remember important aspects of the event, exaggerated negative beliefs about oneself, or persistent negative emotion, marked changes in arousal and reactivity ( such as hyper vigilance, extreme startle response, or sleep disturbances), significant distress or impairment, with symptoms lasting more than one month

Six-year-old Ekaterina has a phobia of large, noisy dogs. Whereas would wonder about Ekaterina's relationship with her father, would wonder how often Ekaterina has seen large, noisy dogs on television and in the books her parents read to her.

Freud; Bandura

Benzodiazepines are supposed to reduce symptoms of anxiety by increasing the activity of which neurotransmitter?

GABA

________ is a disorder in which anxiety or worry is experienced as "free floating" (not connected to any specific stimulus) and is pervasive enough to interfere with daily functioning.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Describe the biological factors associated with the onset of depressive disorders

Genetic factors Abnormalities in the endocrine system (HPA axis) Changes in blood flow or inflammation Neurotransmitter disturbances in level and functioning (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)

Describe the biological factors that can cause bipolar disorders

Genetic risks (strong) Neurotransmitter disturbances (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) Neuron-firing irregularity Structural and functional brain deficits Evolutionary pressures

Describe the neurological factors associated with causing OCD and related disorders

Glutamate Serotonin Basal ganglia Orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus

Kahn, a young, struggling advertising executive, is spending 20 hours a day at work developing "the $64 million dollar campaign" for a small, local shoe store. Kahn is certain he will then move to New York and create similar winning ad campaigns for every small business in the U.S. What manic disturbance does this belief reflect?

Grandiosity

List the key risk factors in suicide

Having a psychiatric diagnosis Being male, >45 years, living alone Caucasian or Native American background History of prior suicide attempts Family history of a mental disorder Experiencing hopelessness Misusing alcohol or other drugs Easy access to lethal means Experiencing stressful life events

Define reward sensitivity

Helps to make decisions

What are some causes of specific phobia/social anxiety disorder?

Heritability Predisposition to overreact physiologically to stimuli Have had or heard of frightening experiences related to a stimulus

________ formerly considered a subtype of OCD, is defined as the acquisition of and inability to discard large quantities of possessions that appear to be of limited value, to the extent that one's living spaces are significantly cluttered.

Hoarding disorder

Biological Causes of Anxiety Disorders

Imbalance of neurotransmitters, evolutionary fears (ex. snakes)

To differentiate them from common sad moods, depressive disorders

Include persistent physical and behavioral disturbances that significantly impair relationship and work abilities

What symptoms must be present to diagnose a manic episode?

Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity Decreased need for sleep More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking Flight of ideas or racing thoughts Distractibility Increase in goal directed activity or psychomotor agitation Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

Define social anxiety (specific phobia)

Intense fear or anxiety of social situation(s) in which the individual may be scrutinized by others

Define specific phobia

Intense, persistent fear of specific objects or situations that pose little or no actual threat

Define Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Involves significant mood, physical, and behavioral changes that occur during most menstrual cycles and then remit when menstruation occurs Changes are severe enough to cause significant distress and impairment Prevalence estimated between 2-9% of women

After being repeatedly exposed to inescapable electrical shocks, some dogs failed to try to escape shock when in fact they could do so. What theory of depression grew out of this work?

Learned helplessness theory

Psychological Causes of Anxiety Disorders

Learning (Observation) -preparedness model: prepared stimuli, conditioned fear responses Cognitive (overestimates the threat) - perception of control - catastrophic misinterpretation - attention to threat/biased info processing

Research indicates that intense fear appears to originate with signals from the amygdala, a mass of gray matter in the ________, a complex circuit of brain structures that regulates emotions.

Limbic system

Lithium has been prescribed for Samini's mood disorder. What mood disorder is most likely?

Lithium

What medications are often used to treat bipolar disorders?

Lithium carbonate Antidepressants Anticonvulsants Antipsychotics

What are the four types of depressive disorders?

Major Depressive Disorder Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Types of Depression

Major Depressive Disorder Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder) Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (children w/ chronic, severe irritability)

The two most common depressive disorders are

Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder

melancholic features specifier

Major depressive episode accompanied by additional severe symptoms such as early morning awakenings, lack of reactivity to positive stimuli; typically respond well to biological forms of treatment (antidepressant meds and ECT)

What antidepressants are used to treat depressive disorders?

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Tricyclics Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Describe the psychological factors that can cause bipolar disorders

Manic episodes (defense against depression) Reward sensitivity Emotional reactivity Cognitive deficits (speech, thought, memory, learning) Extreme drive for perfectionism

"The Trial that Unleashed Hysteria Over Child Abuse" Article

McMartin preschool child sexual abuse case, triggered many other cases; ended up being the case that the therapists' leading questions left no choice but for the children to admit that sexual abuse is what occurred (interference of therapists' beliefs projected onto patient)

Compared to MDD, Bipolar Disorders:

Men and women have equal risk Start in the late teens to early 20s More frequent among higher SES groups Less often triggered/worsened by psychosocial stressors Greater genetic basis compared to MDD

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Moderate, chronic depression that persists for two years or more

Describe the social factors associated with the onset of depressive disorders

Modern social environment Lack of social support Stressful, critical family environments Chronic or acute loss

Define bipolar disorders

Mood disorders marked by alternating periods of major depressive episodes and manic episodes (Bipolar I) or depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes (Bipolar II)

Compared to Bipolar Disorders, MDD:

More common in women Usually first appear in late 20s More frequent among lower SES groups Often triggered/worsened by psychosocial stressors Less heritable compared to bipolar disorders

Panic is closely related to fear; in fact, panic is physiologically identical to fear, except that

No real danger or severe threat is actually present

Emily is extremely afraid of coming in contact with germs so she always wears two pairs of surgical-quality gloves when she leaves her house, and washes her hands repetitively when she gets back. Her fear is a(n) ______, whereas wearing gloves and hand-washing are ______.

Obsession; compulsion

What are the four main types of OCD?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Hoarding Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Hair-Pulling and Skin-Picking Disorders

Describe the epidemiology of MDD

Occurs across the lifespan Incidence peaks in the 20s Depressive episodes can last from weeks to years Most individuals with MDD average 5-6 lifetime episodes The U.S. has one of the highest lifetime rates of depression (19.2%) F>m

postpartum onset specifier

Onset of depressive or manic episode within 4 weeks of childbirth

Social Causes of PTSD

PTSD likely to develop depending on severity of trauma, social support plays crucial role

What are some commonly hoarded items?

Paper, books, clothing, containers Sometimes animals

Define panic disorder

Periodic and unexpected attacks of intense, terrifying fear (called panic attacks), coupled with persistent anxiety that another attack will occur

Describe hoarding disorder

Persistent inability to discard useless items Leads to severe cluttering of personal living spaces Associated with high levels of disability and impairment Illness due to unsanitary conditions Social isolation Work disability Chronic and severe medical concerns Eviction

Describe absent insight/delusional beliefs of OCD

Person is completely convinced at a delusional level that their obsessions and compulsions are true

________ are the most treatable of the anxiety disorders.

Phobias

Describe the cognitive-behavorial factors associated with causing OCD

Physiological reactivity and obsessive thinking increase during times of stress Anxiety sensitivity Obsessive thinking is experienced as "bad" or "unacceptable" and provokes more anxiety Compulsive responses (behaviors or thoughts) are used to neutralize anxiety Compulsive responses are reinforced and become persistent because they lower anxiety

Describe possible biological causes associated with panic disorder and agoraphobia

Predisposition to overreact physically to stimuli Genetic heritability A tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of danger Low perceived control over negative events and emotional experiences

Describe body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

Preoccupation with perceived defects in physical appearance Skin, hair, nose, stomach, weight, breasts/chest, eyes, thighs, teeth Performance of repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to appearance-related concerns Hide, check, and/or try to improve perceived appearance flaws Compulsive grooming rituals, excessive clothing changes, excessive purchasing of beauty products

causes of dissociative disorders

Psychological: no consistent correlations with things, however long term abuse can sometimes be to blame. Biological: No genetic contributions found in twin studies. Social: Iatrogenisis, or the manufacture of a disorder by its treatment

What types of therapy are often used to treat bipolar disorders?

Psychotherapies: CBT FFT IPSRT Psychoeducation

Describe the cognitive-behavioral factors associated with causing trichotillomania and excoriation disorder

Pulling hair/picking skin may be a strategy to manage undesirable emotions Negative reinforcement Negative emotions are reduced while hair is pulled/skin is picked (but negative emotions tend to precede and follow the pulling/picking)

Describe skin-picking disorder (excoriation disorder)

Recurrent skin picking despite repeated attempts to stop Results in skin lesions and significant distress or impairment

DSM-5 Criteria for Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks At least 1 month of concern about the possibility of more attacks, worry about the consequences of an attack, or maladaptive behavioral changes because of the attacks

Describe the epidemiology of BDD

Relatively frequent among plastic surgery and dermatology patients Prevalence estimates .7-2.4% of the general population worldwide Chronic Onset typically during adolescence M=f, although some research suggests f>m Muscle dysmorphia

compulsions

Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that are performed to prevent or reduce anxiety; usually considered by the person to be irrational/senseless; accompanied by attempted and usually failed resistance

Describe hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania)

Repetitive pulling out of one's hair despite repeated attempts to stop Scalp, eyelashes, eyebrows Results in noticeable hair loss and significant distress or impairment

Define rTMS as it is used for a treatment for OCD and related disorder

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, involves using a magnet to target and stimulate certain areas of the brain

________ medications, used primarily to treat depressive disorders, have also been effective in treating some cases of OCD and related disorders.

SSRI

What types of medication can be used to treat OCD and related disorders?

SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft, Lexipro) TCA (Anafranil)

What are some examples of anti-depressants used to treat panic disorder and agoraphobia?

SSRIs (e.g., Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Lexapro) Tricyclics (TCAs) (e.g., Anafranil, Elavil, Tofranil, Pamelor)

Treatments of Specific Phobia

Same as phobias. 19 percent of individuals with specific phobias are currently in treatment.

The cognitive triad in Beck's theory of depression refers to negative views of

Self, the world, and the future

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—1. alarm, 2. resistance, 3. exhaustion.

Martin's SSRI medication for depression will target the neurotransmitter?

Serotonin

Define Disruptive Mood Dysregulation

Severe, recurrent temper outburst (verbal or behavioral) Inconsistent with developmental level 3+ times per week on average Mood in between outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, every day (observable by others)

List possible side effects of anti-depressants

Sluggishness, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, suicidal ideation, possible death from overdose (tricylics), among others

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance ("imagined ugliness").

What are some possible triggers for social anxiety?

Speaking or performing in public Meeting strangers (especially authorities and members of the opposite sex) Using public restrooms or dressing rooms Eating or writing in public

What are the different types of anxiety?

Specific Phobia [7-9%] Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) [~7%] Panic Disorder [2-3%] Agoraphobia [1-2%] Generalized Anxiety Disorder [2-3%]

What criteria (time and age) must be met to diagnose DMDD?

Symptoms present for at least 12 months and in at least 2 settings (home, school, with peers)- severe symptoms must be noted in at least one setting For children age 6-18 only, with age of onset before age 10

What are the general causes of OCD and related disorders?

The Role of Genetics Neurobiological Factors Cognitive-Behavioral Factors Social Factors

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

The study of the interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems

Describe the role of genetics in OCD and related disorders

There may be an inherited genetic diathesis for OCD and anxiety Twin and family studies support a significant genetic contribution to OCD and related disorders People with OCD may be at increased genetic risk for any anxiety disorder

Antidepressant medications are relatively ineffective in treating an acute suicidal episode for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

They have little effect on the neurotransmitter related to impulsive, violent behavior

According to the DSM-5, compulsive behaviors include all of the following EXCEPT

Thinking upsetting thoughts

Define OCD

Time consuming (>1hour per day) of obsessions and compulsions. For diagnosis the OCD must be present most days of the week, for 2 weeks, it must be distressing and interfering with normal activities.

Blane is a 19-year-old male who has a history of motor tics and who currently exhibits repetitive vocalizations, compulsive shouting of obscene language, and other impulsive social behavior. What disorder is most likely?

Tourette's disorder

_______ is characterized by the repetitive pulling out of one's hair, despite repeated attempts to stop, resulting in noticeable hair loss and significant distress or impairment.

Trichotillomania

Treatment of Social Phobia

Try to reduce social fears, by providing training in social skills, or both.

What are some examples of Benzodiazepines used to treat panic disorder and agoraphobia?

Valium Ativan Xanax

As a crisis line worker, what would be your FIRST concern when talking with a suicidal individual?

What level of imminent danger does the person pose to her- or himself?

Define Cognitive Avoidance Theory as it relates to GAD

Worry is an attempt to avoid the emotional or physical feelings of anxiety Verbal thought predominates during worry and may serve to distract from more emotional topics

Acquired Immune Deficiency (AIDS)

caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suppresses the immune system

interoceptive exposure

a behavioral therapy method in which patients intentionally elicit the bodily sensations associated with panic so that they can habituate to those sensations and not respond with fear

cardiovascular disease (CVD)

a collective term for various diseases of the heart and blood vessels

Psychomotor retardation

a condition in which a person has slowed mental or physical activities

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind; associated with hyperarousal, numbing, and re-experiencing

*FACTITIOUS DISORDER*

a disorder in which an individual feigns or induces physical symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person

*POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER*

a disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to experience long after a traumatic event

*CONVERSION DISORDER*

a disorder in which medically unexplained bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensory functions

*ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER* (hypochondriasis)

a disorder in which persons are chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite the absence of substantial somatic symptoms

*SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER*

a disorder in which persons become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms they are experiencing

*DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA*

a disorder marked by an inability to recall important personal events and information

*BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER*

a disorder marked by excessive worry that some aspect of one's physical appearance is defective. the perceived defect is imagined or greatly exaggerated.

*GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER*

a disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities. Includes: generalized anxiety disorder, phobias (specific and social), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder

acute stress disorder (ASD)

a disorder resulting from exposure to a major, traumatic stressor; reaction occurs within 4 weeks of the event and lasts no longer than a month; symptoms include dissociation, re-experiencing, avoidance, marked anxiety

*DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER*

a dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities.

depersonalization/derealization disorder

a dissociative disorder marked by the presence of persistent and recurrent episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both; for example, the repeated and profound sensation of floating above your body and observing yourself act

*MUNCHAUSEN BY PROXY*

a factious disorder in which parents make up or produce physical illnesses in their children

*DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE*

a form of dissociative amnesia in which a person travels to a new location and may assume a new identity, simultaneously forgetting his or her past

the insanity defense is raised in about what percentage of criminal trials? a) 1% b) 10% c) 25% d)50%

a) 1%

Mania

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state; associated with elation, inflated self-esteem, hyperactivity, and accelerated speaking/thinking

Remission

a period of time when symptoms are absent/disappear

*PHOBIA*

a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation

Diagnosis of Dissociative Fugue

a person may travel far away from home, take a new name, and establish a new identity, new relationships and even a new line of work

Cyclothymia

a relatively mild but longer-lasting (chronic) form of bipolar disorder; often said to be bipolar equivalent to dysthymia/persistent depressive disorder; characterized by episodes of hypomania (NO MANIC EPISODES) and depression

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)

a session usually held within 24 to 72 hours of a critical incident, where a team of peer counselors and mental health professionals help emergency service personnel work through emotions that normally follow a critical incident; no research suggests that it is actually helpful make things worse

*SPECIFIC PHOBIA*

a severe and persistent fear of a specific object or situation (other than agoraphobia and social phobia). Common ____ are intense fears of specific animals or insects, heights, enclosed space, thunderstorms, and blood

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Decatastrophizing

a technique that involves learning to assess situations realistically rather than always assuming a catastrophe will happen

about how many people seen in psychological treatment do not meet criteria for the diagnosis for any mental disorder? a) 50% b) 10% c) 5% d) 1%

a) 50%

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing slope of the regression lines (the straight lines) across quartiles of genetic risk for substance abuse provide evidence for: *Quizlet won't let me add the picture without a premium membership* a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

a) A gene-environment interaction

Which of the following is a key difference between anorexia and bulimia? a) Anorexia is a source of pride; bulimia is a source of shame. b) Anorexia never involves binging and purging; bulimia is defined by binging and purging. c) Anorexia is strongly influenced by perceived body shape; bulimia is minimally influenced by perceived body shape d) Anorexia is most common among higher SES groups; bulimia is equally common among all SES groups

a) Anorexia is a source of pride; bulimia is a source of shame.

Susan is a 19 year old with a body mass index (BMI) of 17. She is obsessed with eating healthy and terrified that she will gain weight if she breaks her eating rituals. She insists that she looks "pretty good," but would look better if she could drop a couple of more pounds. She describes eating two cookies as a "binge." The best diagnosis for Susan is: a) Anorexia nervosa b) Bulimia nervosa c) Obsessive-compulsive disorder d) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a) Anorexia nervosa

One key element of cognitive behavior therapy with bulimia is to normalize eating patterns, so eating involves less dietary restraint. Why is this thought to be important? a) Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint b) More normal eating in public reduces the risk of secretive, private binges c) Dietary restraint attracts attention, and people with bulimia get positively reinforced for not eating d) Normalizing eating contributes to the placebo effect of cognitive behavior therapy

a) Binge eating often is reaction to excessive dietary restraint

The powerful urge to use a drug and spending a great deal of time planning and acquiring it defines: a) Craving b) Tolerance c) Withdrawal d) Addiction

a) Craving

Which comorbid problem often occurs with bulimia nervosa and often is an important focus of treatment? a) Depression b) Anxiety c) Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d) Histrionic personality disorder

a) Depression

"Reverse anorexia" and the "Adonis complex" are sometimes used to describe what problem in males? a) Excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity b) Negative attitudes toward thin women c) Obsessive exercise that actually harms the body d) Narcissism based on one's physical appearance

a) Excessive emphasis on extreme muscularity

Every symptom of this DSM-5 diagnosis includes the descriptor "enduring pattern." a) Personality disorder b) Anorexia nervosa c) Substance use disorders d) Paraphilic disorder

a) Personality disorder

A researcher who seeks to identify early markers of schizophrenia in the hopes of preventing the disorder before it begins is most interested in the _______ of the disorder. a) Prodomal phase b) Disorganized phase c) Schizoaffective phase d) Residual phase

a) Prodomal phase

According to the results of the National Health and Social Life Survey (and Figure 12-4), who is the least likely individual to be responsible for forced sex? a) a stranger b) an acquaintance c) someone the victim knows well d) someone with whom the victim was in love

a) a stranger

according to erik erikson, the resolution of the identity crisis typically occurs during ____; contemporary views suggest that the identity crisis actually ______ a) adolescence, may or may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s b) adolescence; occurred at a much later age during erikson's time c) the late teens or early 20s; may be foregone today due to economic pressure to succeed early in life d) the late teens or early 20s; is resolved during middle adolescence, the most critical age for establishing roles such as jock, popular, druggie etc

a) adolescence, may or may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s

how should we characterize separation anxiety in a 1-year old child? a) as a normal fear b) as a sign that the mother (or father) is dependent on the child, not vice versa c) as a needed DSM-5 diagnostic category that takes development into account d) as a risk factor for the development of generalized anxiety disorder

a) as a normal fear

While deciding custody according the "children's best interests" principle sounds appealing, the legal standard has the problem that... a) best is poorly defined b) the standard values children's rights more highly then parent's authorities c) the standard values parents' authority more highly than the state's duty to protect d) it has been ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. supreme court

a) best is poorly defined

There are two different ways of classifying intellectual disabilities, one based on ______ and the other based on _____ a) cause, IQ b) IQ, adaptive behavior c) known biological cause; cultural familial intellectual disability d) behavior in school; behavior at home

a) cause, IQ

"understanding abnormal behavior within the context of normal development" is the definition of: a) developmental psychopathology b)neurodevelopmental disorder c) adjustment disorder d) psychosocial development

a) developmental psychopathology

Trisomy 21 is another name for a) down syndrome b) turner syndrome c) kanner's syndrome d) fragile-x syndrome

a) down syndrome

the two broad, philosophical grounds for civil commitment are the state's ____ and it's ___ a) duty to protect its citizens (parens patriae); police power b) duty to substitute judgement for youth and impaired people (parens patria); paternalistic duty c) paternalistic duty; constitutional authority d) constitutional authority; police power

a) duty to protect its citizens (parens patriae); police power

Your text offered this quote from an advocate of ____. "Freedom to be insane is an illusory freedom, a cruel hoax perpetrated on those who cannot think clearly by those who will not think clearly." a) greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill b) greater libertarianism in treating the mentally ill c) the abolition of the insanity defense d) the expansion of the insanity defense

a) greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill

which condition is comorbid with classic autism in the majority of cases? a) intellectual disability b) genetic disorder c) fragile X syndrome d) savant abilities

a) intellectual disability

The need for admiration, grandiosity, lack of empathy, and an exaggerated sense of self-importance describe: a) narcissistic personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) antisocial personality disorder d) borderline personality disorder

a) narcissistic personality disorder

what was one of the changes in laws governing insanity that occurred after the hinckley case (the attempted assassination of president ronald reagan)? a) the burden of proof was shifted from the prosecution to the defense b) the standard of proof was changed from beyond a reasonable doubt to a preponderance of the evidence c) mental health professionals were given greater latitude to determine insanity d) the product test was given greater weight in determining insanity

a) the burden of proof was shifted from the prosecution to the defense

which of the following is an accurate statement of predicted demographic trends in the 21st century? a) the proportion of the oldest-old will grow rapidly b) older men will begin to outlive women in the next 20 years c) the so-called "aging of the baby-boom generation" will be a bust b/c of rapid immigration d) the trend toward greater longevity will be reversed due to a shortage of health care

a) the proportion of the oldest-old will grow rapidly

In the case of Buck V Bell, concerned with Eugenics, the U.S supreme court a) upheld VA's forced sterilization laws b) ruled that sterilization can be mandated in cases of substituted judgement c) decided that forced sterilization was permissible only in cases when an intellectual disability has a known biological cause d) finally overturned VA's forced sterilization laws

a) upheld VA's forced sterilization laws

Which of the following is an example of the primary prevention of intellectual disabilities? a)vaccinations for rubella b)early stimulation programs for children with down syndrome c) the special olympics d)enrollment in headstart programs

a) vaccinations for rubella

While deciding custody according the "children's best interest" principle sounds appealing, the legal standard has the problem that a. "Best" is poorly defined b. the standard values children's rights more highly that parents' authority c. the standard values parents' authority more highly than the state's duty to protect d. it has been ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court

a. "Best" is poorly defined

The insanity defense is raised in about what percentage of criminal trials? a. 1% b. 10% c. 25% d. 50%

a. 1%

About how many people seen in psychological treatment do not meet criteria for the diagnosis for any mental disorder? a. 50% b. 10% c. 5% d. 1%

a. 50%

The relationship between stress and well-being appears to be U-shaped. This means: a. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem b. Stress causes problems with well-being, but illness also causes stress c. Stress accumulates like toxins in a U-shaped vessel and this causes illness d. Some people are impervious to stress; others are highly sensitive to stress

a. A moderate level of stress is healthful; too much or too little stress can be a problem

Avoidance can be negatively reinforcing. This is a particular problem for: a. Anxiety disorders b. Conversion disorders c. Multiple personality disorders d. Depressive disorders

a. Anxiety disorders

Based on a figure appearing in both the text and in lecture, which of the following is NOT true about men's and women's report of reaching orgasm in their primary heterosexual relationship last year? a. Both men and women report reaching orgasm during sexual activity over 50% of the time b. both men and women report that men reach orgasm more frequently than women c. Men overestimate how often women reach orgasm in comparison to women's reports d. All of the above are true e. A and B only

a. Both men and women report reaching orgasm during sexual activity over 50% of the time

Why does DSM-5 group pica (chewing nonnutritive substances, a problem typically found among very young children with intellectual disabilities) together with anorexia (typically found among high-achieving young adult women)? a. Both problems involve eating/feeding b. Both problems are thought to stem from excessive serotonin reuptake c. Both problems are thought to stem from difficulties in breast feeding d. Both problems respond best to cognitive-behavior therapy treatments

a. Both problems involve eating/feeding

DSM-5 takes a _______ approach to classification, treating disorders as if they are ________ from normal behavior. a. Categorical; qualitatively b. Categorical; quantitatively c. Dimensional; qualitatively d. Dimensional; quantitatively

a. Categorical; qualitatively

Research on the cause of mental disorders almost always must use the _______ because _______. a. Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically b. Experiment; this is the most highly controlled research method. c. Case study; it is essential to take an idiographic approach to causality d. Meta-analytic method; scientists must aggregate results across studies

a. Correlational study; factors thought to cause disorders can't be manipulated practically or ethically

Depression is a syndrome. This means: a. Depression involves a cluster of symptoms, not just sad mood b. Depression is a DSM-5 diagnosis c. Depression is a medical disease, not just a psychological one d. All of the above e. A and B only

a. Depression involves a cluster of symptoms, not just sad mood

Which diagnostic distinction for mood disorders has the most predictive validity in terms of treatment response? a. Depressive disorders versus bipolar disorders b. Major depressive disorder versus persistent depressive disorder c. Exogenous versus endogenous depression d. Major depressive disorder versus premenstrual dysphoric disorder

a. Depressive disorders versus bipolar disorders

Which of the following relates to the concept of the "reliability" of a diagnosis? a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient b. A diagnosis reflects biological reality, not some social construction; the diagnosis "carves nature at its joints" c. The diagnosis accurately leads to a better treatment d. The diagnosis has a clear, theoretical definition, for example, "neurosis"

a. Different clinicians give the same diagnosis for the same patient

The two broad, philosophical grounds for civil commitment are the state's _____ and it's _____. a. Duty to protect its citizens; police power b. duty to substitute judgement for youth and impaired people; paternalistic duty c. paternalistic duty; constitutional authority d. constitutional authority; police power

a. Duty to protect its citizens; police power

The "Maudsley Method" is a promising, new, family-based approach to treating anorexia that: a. Has parents take over teens' diet, explaining that "food is medicine" needed until weight is gained b. reorients "slim ideal" and reframes other family values to emphasize "we are" not "we are what we eat" c. gives teens control in areas other than eating with message "be good, not perfect" d. Confronts patients with the dangers of emaciation, essentially saying "you may be blind, but we aren't"

a. Has parents take over teens' diet, explaining that "food is medicine" needed until weight is gained

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the nonshared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance.

George Franklin was convicted of the murder that occurred over 20 years earlier. His conviction was later overturned. What aspect of this case is of interest to psychologists? a. His daughter's "recovered memories" were the basis for Franklin's conviction. b. One of Franklin's multiple personalities eventually emerged and confessed to a crime committed by an "alter". c. Franklin committed the crime during a dissociative fugue that lasted for two decades. d. Franklin claimed he committed the murder as a result of a hypnotic induction that he never emerged from.

a. His daughter's "recovered memories" were the basis for Franklin's conviction.

In his blog (extra reading assignment), Allen Frances (who directed the DSM-IV) criticized DSM-5 primarily for: a. Including too many "fads" in its list of diagnoses b. Emphasizing reliability over validity, since the public is ultimately concerned with the value of a diagnosis c. Dropping key diagnoses from DSM-IV, especially hebephiliia, sex addiction, and psychosis risk d. Being a pawn of Big Pharma

a. Including too many "fads" in its list of diagnoses

Intellectual disabilities (formerly mental retardation) are some of the best diagnosed and understood mental disorders. Still, the terms for the disorder often are changed, as old terms come to carry a stigma. Which concept best describes this phenomenon? a. Labeling theory b. Learning theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d. The biopsychosocial model

a. Labeling theory

I conduct a study where I randomly assign 100 people with depression either to work with Albert Ellis doing Rational Emotive Therapy or Carl Rogers doing Humanistic Therapy. Half of the people drop out of the Ellis group, while everyone completes therapy in the Rogers group (a statistically significant difference). But when I compare people who completed Ellis with those who completed Rogers, the Ellis completers are less depressed (also statistically significant). What can I conclude? a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy b. Rational Emotive Therapy is more effective for depression than Humanistic Therapy c. Either Rational Emotive Therapy or Ellis as a therapist is more effective for depression than either Carl Rogers or Humanistic Therapy (you can't separate the therapy from the therapist) d. A and B only

a. People are more likely to drop out of Ellis/Rational Emotive than Rogers/Humanistic Therapy

Many years ago, I became violently ill after eating a BLT sandwich in a diner with a friend. It was a coincidence; I got the flu. But I still get nausea when I think of eating a BLT. But I don't bet upset about eating at diners or eating with friends. This strong association of BLT and nausea is an example of: a. Preparedness b. Introceptive exposure c. Panic d. Compulsion

a. Preparedness

"The total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time." a. Prevalence b. Incidence c. Disease burden d. Epidemiology

a. Prevalence

Who is most likely to treat somatic symptom disorder? (Hint: This is why DSM-5 created this grouping.) a. Primary care physicians b. Psychiatrists c. Clinical psychologists d. "New Age" holistic health care providers

a. Primary care physicians

I'm really mad at you, but I can't admit this to myself. So instead I think you're really mad at me. This is an example of: a. Projection b. Sublimation c. Displacement d. Reaction formation

a. Projection

According to epidemiological surveys, which of the following traumatic events is associated with the highest probability of the victim developing a posttraumatic stress disorder? a. Rape b. Natural disaster c. Serious car crash d. Being mugged

a. Rape

The fact that _________ often are identified following the diagnosis of conversion disorders makes clear the problems involved in _______ . a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion b. Deliberate attempts at malingering; the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis c. Mood disorders; treating mental illness in medical settings d. Traumatic childhood experiences; relying on retrospective reports

a. Real physical illnesses; diagnosis by exclusion

The "objects from Emery's desk drawer" demonstration was intended to illustrate: a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes b. Classification is an arbitrary creation of the human mind c. In the end, how you decide to classify things, including Pluto, comes down to politics d. In the end, there is one and only one way to classify things

a. There are different ways to classify things for different purposes

The textbook indicated which of the following about psychotherapy and placebo effects? a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work b. Placebos (sugar pills) and placebo effects only occur for medications, so there is no need to worry about placebo effects in psychotherapy c. Placebo effects only "trick" people into feeling better. Real psychotherapy has nothing to do with placebo effects. d. Psychotherapy appears to be mostly a placebo. There is no reason to expect researchers to uncover "active ingredients" that are effective in treating different disorders.

a. Since both placebos and psychotherapy produce change through psychological means, psychotherapy researchers need to study what makes placebos work

In lecture, I suggested that an entirely new way to classify anxiety disorders might involve an evolutionary approach, for example, freeze-flight-fight-fright. What organization currently is also searching for an entirely new way of classifying and studying mental disorders? a. The National Institute for Mental Health b. The DSM c. The American Medical Association d. The American Psychological Association

a. The National Institute for Mental Health

When rats are forced to swim in cold water from which they cannot escape: a. The animals that give up and appear "depressed" have depleted serotonin as a result of the experience. b. The animals do not appear "depressed" because of their high level of physical activity. c. The animals appear "depressed," but only if there is an opportunity to escape that they fail to detect. d. The animals appear "depressed," but only if they previously had a chemical imbalance in the brain.

a. The animals that give up and appear "depressed" have depleted serotonin as a result of the experience.

As discussed in the Thinking Critically about DSM5 box in Chapter 11, which of the following is true about labeling a problem behavior like sex addiction as a mental disorder? a. The mental disorder classification implies the absence of personal responsibility b. "addiction", "compulsion", "impulse control disorder" are essentially symptoms c. Our understanding of neural reward pathways can now guide the diagnosis d. All of the above e. A and C only

a. The mental disorder classification implies the absence of personal responsibility

DARE, Scared Straight, recovered memory therapy, and facilitated communication are treatments that all share: a. The potential to do harm b. The potential to prevent problems from developing in the first place c. Initial skepticism about their effectiveness until research proved they worked d. They were treatments developed based on psychodynamic principles

a. The potential to do harm

A basic problem with defining stress in terms of an event (e.g., losing your job) is that: a. The same event has been shown to cause different levels of life change for different people. b. This definition of stress runs the risk of circular reasoning (a tautology). c. People experience life changes all the time, but we cannot be sure that this is the cause of their stress. d. Measurement is unreliable.

a. The same event has been shown to cause different levels of life change for different people.

Some experts argue that multiple personalities are produced by iatrogenesis. The means that multiple personalities are caused by: a. Treatment b. Self-hypnosis c. Misinterpretation of the bible d. Unknown, individualized causes

a. Treatment

The diagnosis of many mental disorders has low levels of reliability. This means that: a. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder b. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about what caused a mental disorder c. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about the best way to treat a disorder d. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about what diagnoses belong in the DSM-5

a. Two different mental health professionals often disagree about whether an individual has a disorder

According to Erik Erikson, the resolution of the identity crisis typically occurs during _____; contemporary views suggest that the identity crisis actually _____. a. adolescence; may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s b. adolescence; occurred at a much later age during Erikson's time c. the late teens or early 20s; may be foregone today due to economic pressure to succeed early in life d. the late teens or early 20s; is resolved during middle adolescence, the most critical age for establishing roles such as a "jock", "popular", "druggie" etc

a. adolescence; may not be resolved until young people are well into their 20s

Which condition is comorbid with classic autism in the majority of cases? a. an intellectual disability b. a genetic disorder c. fragile X syndrome d. savant abilities

a. an intellectual disability

Avoidance can be negatively reinforcing. This is a particular problem for: a. Anxiety disorders b. Conversion disorders c. Multiple personality disorders d. Depressive disorders

a. anxiety disorder

How should we characterize separation anxiety anxiety in a 1-year-old child? a. as normal fear b. as a sign that the mother or father is dependent on the child, not vice versa c. as a needed DSM5 diagnostic category that takes development into account d. as a risk factor for the development of generalized anxiety disorder

a. as normal fear

How is information transmitted between nerve cells? a. by release of neurotransmitters at the synapse b. by release of of neurotransmitters along the axon c. By changes in electrical potential along the axon d. By changes in electrical potential in the synapse

a. by release of neurotransmitters at the synapse

There are two different ways of classifying intellectual disabilities, one based on _____ and the other based on ______. a. cause; IQ b. IQ; adaptive behavior c. known biological cause; cultural familial intellectual disability d. behavior in school; behavior at home

a. cause; IQ

a. depression

"Understanding abnormal behavior within the context of normal development" is the definition of: a. developmental psychopathology b. neurodevelopmental disorder c. adjustment disorder d. psychosocial development

a. developmental psychopathology

As discussed in the text, attenuated psychosis syndrome was a proposed attempt to: a. diagnose schizophrenia in the prodromal phase b. distinguish schizophrenia from schizophreniform disorder c. identity a new subtype of schizophrenia with a more optimistic prognosis d. recognize that symptoms of schizophrenia are sometimes feigned as a form of malingering

a. diagnose schizophrenia in the prodromal phase

Trisomy 21 is another name for a. down syndrome b. Turner syndrome c. Kanner's syndrome d. fragile x syndrome

a. down syndrome

What research evidence supports the idea that it is important to "click" with your therapist? a. findings that a positive client-therapist relationship predicts better outcomes across different approaches to therapy b. Evidence that Carl Rogers' humanistic therapy is more effective than other approaches c. Evidence that YAVIS therapists are preferred by their clients d. Evidence based on behavioral observations that therapy is more effective when clients openly tell their therapists how much they like him or her

a. findings that a positive client-therapist relationship predicts better outcomes across different approaches to therapy

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing slope of the regression lines (the straight lines) across quartiles of genetic risk for substance abuse provide evidence for: Quizlet won't let me add the picture without a premium membership a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

a. gene-environment interaction

Case studies can be useful for ______ hypotheses, but case studies cannot be used to _____ hypotheses. a. generating; test b. operationalizing; define c. forming null; test null d. psychoanalytic; explore cognitive-behavioral

a. generating; test

Your text offered this quote for an advocate of ______. "Freedom to be insane is an illusory freedom, a cruel hoax perpetuated on those who cannot think clearly by those who will not think clearly." a. greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill b. greater libertarianism in treating the mentally ill c. the abolition of the insanity defense d. the expansion of the insanity defense

a. greater paternalism in treating the mentally ill

The prevalence of depression among older adults is: a. higher than among younger adults b. lower than among younger adults c. the same as young adults a. all of the above

a. higher than among younger adults

a. preparedness

According to Table 1-2, which profession among the following has the smallest number of clinically trained professionals providing mental health services? a. psychiatry b. clinical psychology c. social work d. mental health counselors and marriage and family therapists

a. psychiatry

What symptom distinguishes fugue from the other dissociative disorders? a. purposeful, unplanned travel b. malingering c. identity confusion d. inability to remember details of the past

a. purposeful, unplanned travel

Where do you draw the line between normal and abnormal? The question can become a problem with: a. qualitative differences b. differences in kind c. quantitative differences d. categorical differences

a. qualitative differences

I'm having shoulder problems. If getting a steroid injection reduces my pain beyond chance levels, but I still hurt a lot and can't play tennis, you would say that the treatment produces results are: a. statistically significant but not clinically significant b. clinically significant but not statistically significant c. both statistically and clinically significant d. neither statistically nor clinically significant

a. statistically significant but not clinically significant

hypertension

abnormally high blood pressure (systolic above 140 and diastolic above 90)

What was one of the changes in laws governing insanity that occurred after the Hinckly case? (guy who attempted to kill Reagan) a. the burden of proof was shifted to the defense from the prosecution b. the standard of proof was changed from "beyond a reasonable doubt" to "preponderance of the evidence" c. mental health professionals were given greater latitude to determine insanity d. the "product test" was given greater weight in determining insanity

a. the burden of proof was shifted to the defense from the prosecution

An epidemiologist studies the rates of depression in a community over a one-year period. Her calculation of the annual incidence will be based on: a. the number of new cases that developed that year b. the number of preexisiting cases that year c. the number of active cases on the last day of the year whether new or pre exisiting d. the number of new cases that developed during the year in comparison to the prior year

a. the number of new cases that developed that year

Which of the following is an accurate statement of predicted demographic trends in the 21st century? a. the proportion of the oldest-old will grow rapidly b. older men will begin to outlive women in the next 20 years c. the so-called "aging of the baby boom generation" will be a bust because of rapid immigration d. the trend toward greater longevity will be reversed due to a shortage of health care

a. the proportion of the oldest-old will grow rapidly

a. treatment

In the case of Buck v Bell, concerned with eugenics, the United Supreme Court a. upheld Virginia's forced sterilization laws b. ruled that sterilization can be mandated in cases of "substituted judgement" c. decided that forced sterilization was permissible only in cases where an intellectual disability has a known biological cause d. finally overturned Virginia's forced sterilization laws

a. upheld Virginia's forced sterilization laws

One theory about the link between stress and illness suggests that the flight or fight response: a. was an adaptive to threats over the course of evolution but is a maladaptive response to most modern stressors b. is exaggerated in people who develop stress-related illnesses; they respond to ordinary stress with extraordinary intense responses c. isn't exaggerated in people who develop stress-related illnesses, but is triggered much more often (by minor stressors) in people who develop stress-related illnesses d. is paradoxically weak or absent in people who suffer from stress-related illness, an observation that underscores that a degree of fear and anger is adaptive, not maladaptive

a. was an adaptive to threats over the course of evolution but is a maladaptive response to most modern stressors

*SOCIAL PHOBIA*

also known as social anxiety disorder; a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur. Poor people are 50 percent more likely than wealthier people to experience ____ African Americans and Asian Americans scored higher than white Americans on surveys of social anxiety

hypnosis

altered state of consciousness during which hypnotized subjects are particularly susceptible to suggestion; considerable debate as to whether it is a unique state of consciousness or if it is a form of relaxation

*PANIC DISORDER*

an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks; often accompanied by agoraphobia (afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult)

analogue study

an investigation that attempts to replicate or simulate, under controlled conditions, a real-life situation

retrospective study

an observational study in which subjects are selected and previous conditions or behaviors are determined by asking them to recall past events; less expensive alternative to longitudinal study

Treatment of Panic Disorder

antidepressant drugs, alprazolam (Xanax) and other powerful benzodiazepine drugs

Treatment of CVD: Medications

antihypertensives (reduce high blood pressure) and beta blockers (reduce risk of myocardial infarction and sudden coronary death)

Panic disorder

anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks; at least one attack must be have been followed by a period of one month (or more) in which that person has persisten concern about additional attacks, worry about consequences of additional attacks, or significant change in behavior related to attacks.

Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders

anxiety, excessive worry, panic attacks, phobias

Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

applying the kinds of treatment used with obsessive-compulsive disorder, particularly with antidepressant drugs, exposure and response prevention, and cognitive therapy

ASD and PTSD Diagnosis

are NOT dissociative disorders; PTSD characterized by "exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence via direct experience, learning that it occurred to a close individual, or experiencing repeated/extreme exposure to details of traumatic event ASD is similarly characterized, but lasts for less than a month and reaction occurs within 4 weeks of trauma occurrence

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing skew of the distribution graphs (the curved lines showing more people further to the right in each successive graph) across quartiles of genetic risk provide evidence for: *Quizlet won't let me add the picture without a premium membership* a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

b) A gene-environment correlation

The personality disorder that is closest to being a synonym for psychopathy is: a) Paranoid personality disorder b) Antisocial personality disorder c) Schizoid personality disorder d) Borderline personality disorder

b) Antisocial personality disorder

What evidence would make K (or any parent), whose husband J suffered from schizophrenia, worry about the well-being of their children? a) Children who are reared by a parent with schizophrenia are at twice the risk of developing the disorder b) Children who have a biological parent with schizophrenia are about 15 times more likely to suffer from the disorder c) Parents who suffer from schizophrenia are 5 times more likely to abuse their children d) All of the above e) None of the above

b) Children who have a biological parent with schizophrenia are about 15 times more likely to suffer from the disorder

Gambling disorder is ________ in DSM-5. a) Listed in an appendix of "conditions for further study" b) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on substance-related disorders c) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on paraphilic disorders d) Not included

b) Included as a mental disorder in the chapter on substance-related disorders

As we saw from my quick self-test in class, in evaluating drinking problems the two leading measures of alcohol difficulties both rely heavily on: a) The average number of drinks you consume per day b) Suggestions that you or others already think you have a problem c) Indications of increased tolerance and withdrawal symptoms d)Admission of using drinking to relieve unhappy moods or relationship problems

b) Suggestions that you or others already think you have a problem

In the detailed case history of schizophrenia (J & K), I mentioned that J would call me at home. The fact that I could "talk him down" so that he could understand that his delusions were not real but a part of his disease showed: a) How people with schizophrenia can, with a little guidance, come to see that their delusions are illogical b) That J had at least some insight into his illness c) How a patient's use of hallucinogens can exacerbate their delusional symptoms d) All of the above e) A and B only

b) That J had at least some insight into his illness

Evolutionary theories argue that men and women should differ in their mating strategies (sexuality) because of differences in parental investment. Parental investment refers to: a) The different value that men and women place in being a father versus a mother b) The different amount of time men and women contribute biologically toward producing offspring c) The different biological and social costs of rearing children, especially the disproportionate effort that parents put into raising boys versus girls d) The difference in offspring's bonding with mothers versus fathers, which, in turn, make men less committed to their partner than women

b) The different amount of time men and women contribute biologically toward producing offspring

Freud and Erikson's theories emphasize what essential feature that is overlooked by most other views of the cause of normal and abnormal behavior? a. Both highlight biological drives b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages c. Both emphasize that most of our impulses are unconscious d. Both identify the key role of cultural and historical values

b. Both underscore the importance of developmental stages

Which of the following is the most accurate summary of survey results about sexual problems such as erectile failure, trouble with lubrication, premature ejaculation, or trouble reaching orgasm? a) These problems are rare in the general population, occurring among less than 1% of people, and a sign of sexual dysfunction b) These problems are quite common, occasionally occurring among 10-20% or more of the population c) These problems are quite common in sexual relationships between strangers but not in relationships between committed partners d) These problems are typically a symptom of deeper emotional or relationship difficulties

b) These problems are quite common, occasionally occurring among 10-20% or more of the population

expert witnesses: a) must be appointed by the judge, not hired by one side or the other b) can testify to opinion not just fact c) almost always agree with one another d) can reliably answer legal question

b) can testify to opinion not just fact

compared to the DSM-IV definition of autistic disorder, the DSM-5 definition of autism spectrum disorder is like: a) the unreliable diagnosis of personality disorders becoming reliable b) changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85 c) treating ADHD as qualitatively different from normal attentional problems d) distinguishing schizophrenia from schizoaffective disorder

b) changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85

knowing _______ is not only essential for assessing potential psychological disorders of childhood, but also for judging adult behavior within the context of adult development a) the difference between externalizing and internalizing b) developmental norms c) temperament d) social clocks

b) developmental norms

Inhibited sexual arousal disorder in women is most similar to which disorder in men? a) dyspareunia b) erectile dysfunction c) premature ejaculation d) hyperactive sexual dysfunction

b) erectile dysfunction

Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a) flat affect b) hallucinations c) lack of insight d) creativity

b) hallucinations

the prevalence of depression among older adults is: a ) higher than among younger adults b) lower than among younger adults c) the same as among younger adults d) all of the above

b) lower than among younger adults

I routinely advice undergraduates to take a couple of years off before starting grad school in order to make sure they really want to pursue their chosen career, take a break from schooling, and just live a little. my advice is similar to Erikson's concept of: a) identity diffusion b) moratorium c) a life-cycle transition d) psychosocial development

b) moratorium

rett's syndrom is no longer considered to be a part of the autism spectrum in DSM-5 because: a) the motor symptoms of the syndrome are now viewed as due to neurological problems, not a perseveration of sameness b) the gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability c) the new DSM-5 diagnostic criteria excluded Rett's, which was defined by all the symptoms d) Andreas Rett, who claimed to have identified a new form of autism, was found to have fabricated his research results in order to further his academic career

b) the gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability

in addition to an IQ test, which of the following instruments might be critical to making a diagnosis of an intellectual disability? a) scholastic aptitude test b) vineland adaptive behavior scales c) rorschach inkblot test d) minnesota multiphase personality inventory

b) vineland adaptive behavior scales

Expert witnesses: a. Must be appointed by the judge, not hired by one side or the other b. Can testify to opinion not just fact c. Almost always agree with each other d. Can reliably answer legal questions

b. Can testify to opinion not just fact

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Psychology has no accepted definition of "normal," which makes it tricky to define "abnormal" b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion c. In the former Soviet Union, some political dissidents were said to have a mental disorder d. All of the above are true

b. All mental disorders involve personal distress, but mental health professionals are reluctant to define mental disorders based on this subjective criterion

You prescribe antidepressants to one of your patients who calls two days later to rave about their benefits in lifting his obsessions. You suspect this is a placebo effect, because a. Antidepressants are for depression. Duh! b. Antidepressants generally take 4 to 6 weeks before producing psychological benefits. c. Obsessions are not known to be helped by any medication. d. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder are notoriously susceptible to placebo effects.

b. Antidepressants generally take 4 to 6 weeks before producing psychological benefits.

Feelings of extreme elation that are out of proportion to reality are a symptom of a. Dissociative disorder b. Bipolar disorder c. Fugue d. Agoraphobia

b. Bipolar disorder

One straightforward difference between cognitive-behavior therapy and humanistic therapy is: a. Humanistic therapist are empathic; cognitive-behavior therapists are not b. Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists c. Cognitive-behavior therapists are not interested in emotion; emotion is the primary focus of humanistic therapy d. Humanistic therapists offer more interpretations than cognitive-behavior therapists

b. Cognitive-behavior therapists talk more than humanistic therapists

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

b. Cognitive-behavioral

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. the cause of most mental disorders is unknown b. DSM5 classifies mental disorders based on their cause c. the same DSM5 diagnosis is likely to have many different causes d. like cancer or heart disease, many mental disorders are thought to be "lifestyle diseases" e. all of the above are true

b. DSM5 classifies mental disorders based on their cause

"The disruption in normally integrated processes in memory, consciousness, memory, or perception" is the definition of: a. The unconscious b. Dissociation c. Amnesia d. Fugue

b. Dissociation

The so-called recovered memory movement assumed that victims of child sexual abuse routinely suffered from: a. Dissociative fugue b. Dissociative amnesia c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Depersonalization/derealization disorder

b. Dissociative amnesia

I shared results from my own studies: Mediation had far more positive benefits for families than the litigation of child custody disputes. But rural courts with few resources might not experience the same level of benefits from mediation. In terms of psychotherapy outcome research, this is an issue of: a. Statistical significance versus clinical significance b. Efficacy versus effectiveness c. Blind versus double-blind study d. All of the above e. None of the above

b. Efficacy versus effectiveness

What term best captures the concept that the same disorder can have multiple causes? a. Etiology b. Equifinality c. Reductionism d. Systems theory

b. Equifinality

Using your new language from Psych 3410, you tell your girlfriend. "You're all (sex and aggression)!" Turns out she's taking psych too. She retorts, "You're all (guilt)!" a. Id; ego b. Id; superego c. Ego; id d. Ego; superego

b. Id; superego

"The disruption in normally integrated processes in memory, consciousness, memory, or perception" is the definition of: a. The unconscious b. Dissociation c. Amnesia d. Fugue

b. dissociation

You attend a lecture where an eminent authority shows all kinds of cool brain images showing differences between the brains of trauma victims and people not subjected to trauma. He says, "Trauma causes brain damage." Using your critical thinking, you ask him if he's aware of twin studies showing that a. MZ twins who both have been exposed to the trauma of combat show damage to different areas of the brain b. MZ co-twins of people suffering from PTSD also show supposed "damage" to certain brain structures even though they haven't experienced PTSD c. DZ twins and MZ twins are equally likely to experience trauma and have similar fMRI results following trauma exposure d. Studies of MZ twins exposed to trauma at different times shows that the brain can heal given sufficient time following trauma

b. MZ co-twins of people suffering from PTSD also show supposed "damage" to certain brain structures even though they haven't experienced PTSD

Compared to major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder is: a. Highly genetic b. More chronic and less severe c. More common among men than women d. All of the above e. A and B only

b. More chronic and less severe

One theory (that you will soon learn about) is that anxiety is maintained by avoidance. You get anxious about doing something, avoid it, and avoidance lowers your anxiety. In operant conditioning terms, this is an example of: a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Punishment d. Response cost

b. Negative reinforcement

Communication between neurons occurs when ______ are released from the ______ of one neuron into the ______ and received at the receptors of another neuron. a. Neurotransmitters; nucleus; dendrites b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse c. Neuromodulators; dendrites; synapse d. Neuromodulators; nucleus; dendrites

b. Neurotransmitters; axon terminal; synapse

The highest rate of suicide in the U.S. is found among: a. Younger black men b. Older white men c. Younger white women d. Older black women

b. Older white men

The serenity prayer ("God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change; the courage to change the things I can; and wisdom to know the difference") is a plea for the wisdom to know when to use _________ vs. _________. a. Pessimism; acceptance b. Problem focused coping; emotion-focused coping c. Repression; optimism d. Secular coping; religious coping

b. Problem focused coping; emotion-focused coping

b. Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping

"Your depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in your brain." What "ism" is this statement an example of? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

b. Reductionism

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. Signaled stressors cause more anxiety than unsignaled stressors because of the worry they produce. b. Repression is associated with increased psychophysiological reactions to stress. c. Coping that involves appealing to a higher power leads to passive acceptance rather than active efforts at change. d. Being in control of a stressor increases anxiety due to the added sense of responsibility.

b. Repression is associated with increased psychophysiological reactions to stress.

It may be a stretch, but which of the following personality disorders is best exemplified by Luna Lovegood, the Harry Potter character with peculiar habits and odd beliefs? a. histrionic PD b. Schizotypal PD c. dependent PD d. borderline PD

b. Schizotypal PD

In DSM-5, conversion disorders are classified as a type of: a. Dissociative disorder b. Somatic symptom disorder c. Anxiety disorder d. PTSD

b. Somatic symptom disorder

Why is it important to distinguish between statistical significance and clinical importance in treatment outcome studies? a. Clinical importance is based on subjective judgment, not statistical procedures. b. Statistical significance may reflect relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment. c. Statistical significance can be determined only in a true experiment. d. Clinical importance involves case studies, whereas statistical significance involves empirical research.

b. Statistical significance may reflect relatively trivial changes in the patients' adjustment.

Cortisol, the "stress hormone," functions like: a. Antianxiety medication b. Steroids c. Amphetamines d. Pain relievers

b. Steroids

The website of the American Psychological Association (wrongly) states "comparisons of different forms of psychotherapy most often result in relatively nonsignificant difference." The conclusion is an example of: a. The allegiance effect b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict" c. The placebo effect d. The "Barnum Effect"

b. The "Dodo Bird Verdict"

_________ is especially important to recognize in psychotherapy outcome research because it is impossible to conduct ________. a. The gene-environment correlation; research that manipulates human genes b. The allegiance effect; double-blind studies c. The difference between cause and correlation; true experiments d. Meta-analysis; clinically significant research

b. The allegiance effect; double-blind studies

Here is a bullet point from one class slide: "One hope is that a single, specific cause will be discovered for more refined diagnoses." This refers to: a. The DSM-6 will classify disorders according to their cause. b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause. c. The biological paradigm, specifically the "medical model," has been very successful in identifying causes of mental disorders d. Unlike normal psychological experience, mental disorders are located in the brain and improved brain imaging techniques are showing us precisely where.

b. There probably are multiple subtypes of "depression," "schizophrenia," etc., some of which may be discovered to have a single cause.

An important problem with the so-called anti-anxiety medications is that a. They are equally effective in treating depression b. They are highly addictive c. They take at least a month before producing any clinical benefits d. They do not alleviate anxiety

b. They are highly addictive

Why am I studying twins in my research on the link between marriage/marital status and depression? a. To control for the genetic aspects of depression b. To control for genetic and shared environmental selection into marriage c. To control for gene-environment interactions in causing depression and marriage d. To control for the effects of an unhappy marriage on depression

b. To control for genetic and shared environmental selection into marriage

Why did I bring up the distinction between exogenous and endogenous depression in lecture? a. To illustrate the underinclusiveness of the DSM. b. To illustrate limitations with the current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably. c. To show how some diagnoses have demonstrated etiological validity. d. Because this diagnosis is sure to appear in DSM-6.

b. To illustrate limitations with the current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably

b. To illustrate limitations with the current diagnosis, as this theoretically sensible distinction cannot be made reliably.

Does the diagnosis tell me anything about the cause, course, or best treatment of this disorder? This question is a concern about: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Coverage d. Thresholds

b. Validity

In addition to an IQ test, which of the following instruments might be critical to making a diagnosis of an intellectual disability? a. Scholastic Aptitude Test b. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

b. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales

In what way does the heat sensitive picture of earth from space (found in Chapter 4) teach us to appreciate basic limitations in brain imagining techniques? a. The image reminds us of the importance of appreciating different levels of analysis b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution c. The image reminds us that we need to take a systems approach in all sciences d. While fascinating, the image reminds us of the importance of theory and research; after all, we once thought the world was flat

b. While impressive, the image illustrates limitations in meaning and degree of resolution

In the above graphs (shown in lecture), the changing skew of the distribution graphs (the curved lines showing more people further to the right in each successive graph) across quartiles of genetic risk provide evidence for: Quizlet won't let me add the picture without a premium membership a) A gene-environment interaction b) A gene-environment correlation c) Differential heritability d) The influence of the shared environment

b. a gene-environment correlation

I routinely advise undergraduates to take a couple of years off before starting grad school in order to make sure they really want to pursue their chosen career, take a break from schooling, and just live a little. My advice is similar to Erikson's concept of: a. identity diffusion b. a moratorium c. a life-cycle transition d. psychosocial development

b. a moratorium

Feelings of extreme elation that are out of proportion to reality are a symptom of a. Dissociative disorder b. Bipolar disorder c. Fugue d. Agoraphobia

b. bipolar disorder

Compared to DSM IV definition of autistic disorder, the DSM5 definition of autism spectrum disorder is like: a. the unreliable diagnosis of personality disorders becoming reliable b. changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85 c. treating ADHD as qualitatively different from normal attentional problems d. distinguishing schizophrenia from schizoaffective disorder

b. changing the cutoff for intellectual disability from 70 to 85

"Active, directive, nonjudgemental, teacher" best describes what kind of therapist? a. Biological b. cognitive-behavioral c. psychodynamic d. humanistic

b. cognitive-behavioral

Majorie has just experienced a traumatic event, and she is feeling cut off from herself and her environment and reports feeling like a robot. A mental health professional would say that Marjorie is experiencing a. Derealization b. depersonalization c. dissociative amnesia d. fugue

b. depersonalization

Knowing _____ is not only essential for assessing potential psychological disorders of childhood but also for judging adult behavior within the context of adult development. a. the difference between externalizing and internalizing b. developmental norms c. temperament d. social clocks

b. developmental norms

Inhibited sexual arousal disorder in women is most similar to which disorder in men? a) dyspareunia b) erectile dysfunction c) premature ejaculation d) hyperactive sexual dysfunction

b. erectile dysfunction

Which of the following is an example of a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a) flat affect b) hallucinations c) lack of insight d) creativity

b. hallunciations

Behavior genetics focuses on _____, while evolutionary psychology focuses on ______ a. gene-environment interactions; gene-environment correlations b. how genes make people different from one another; how genes make people like another c. Genetic contributions to abnormal behavior; genetic contributions to normal behavior d. genetic influences at one point in time; genetic influences across development

b. how genes make people different from one another; how genes make people like another

Emery has hope that scientists may discover single, identifiable causes for some mental disorders if: a. the biopyschosocial model is widely adopted and paradigms are abandoned b. new, narrow subtypes of current disorders are identified, as has occurred with intellectual disabilities c. scientists recognized the importance of gene-environment interactions d. human subject committees allow scientists allow scientists to manipulate the human genome

b. new, narrow subtypes of current disorders are identified, as has occurred with intellectual disabilities

In class, I used Gollum, Nixon, and the Godfather (mafia figure played by Brando) as potential illustrations of what personality disorder? a. antisocial PD b. paranoid PD c. narcissistic PD d. obsessive-compulsive PD

b. paranoid PD

What behavior was included in the DSM5 chapter on substance-related disorders? a. sexual addiction b. pathological gambling c. compulsive internet/phone use disorder d. all of the above e. none of the above

b. pathological gambling

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect one of psychiatrist Allen Frances' concerns about the DSM5 (as said in his article): a. DSM5 contains changes are that are scientifically b. people involved in DSM5 were influenced unduly by "Big Pharma" (drug companies) c. DSM5 turns too many normal life problems into mental disorders d. The APA is unduly influenced by profits generated by DSM5 e. B and D

b. people involved in DSM5 were influenced unduly by "Big Pharma" (drug companies)

Which of the following treatments is totally discredited and never practiced today? a. ECT b. prefrontal lobotomy c. psychoanalysis d. all of the above e. A and B only

b. prefrontal lobotomy

In DSM-5, conversion disorders are classified as a type of: a. Dissociative disorder b. Somatic symptom disorder c. Anxiety disorder d. PTSD

b. somatic system disorder

Which of the following is NOT true of treatments for sexual dysfunction? a. education is an effective treatment for some sexual dysfunctions b. talk therapy tends to be more effective for female dysfunction, while medical treatments tend to be effective for male dysfunction c. many interventions for sexual dysfunction are based on behavioral principles d. treating performance anxiety can help treat sexual dysfunction e. None of the above are false

b. talk therapy tends to be more effective for female dysfunction, while medical treatments tend to be effective for male dysfunction

Rett's syndrome is no longer considered part of the autism spectrum in DSM5 because: a. the motor symptoms of the syndrome are now viewed as due to neurological problems, not a preservation of sameness b. the gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability c. the new DSM5 diagnostic criteria excluded Rett's, which was defined by all the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder except without impairments in communication or intelligence d. Andreas Rett, who claimed to have identified a new form of autism, was found to have fabricated his research results in order to further his academic career

b. the gene causing Rett's was discovered in 1999, and the syndrome is now viewed as a known neurological cause of intellectual disability

b. they are highly addictive

______ and ______ are traditional criteria for defining addiction, but ______. a. craving; withdrawal; some substance use disorders do not involve demonstrated craving and withdrawal b. tolerance; withdrawal; they are only 2 of 11 possible symptoms of substance use disorder in DSM5 c. tolerance; withdrawal; DSM5 added craving as a third criterion for defining addiction d. craving; withdrawal; DSM5 doesn't require these symptoms to diagnose behavioral addictions

b. tolerance; withdrawal; they are only 2 of 11 possible symptoms of substance use disorder in DSM5

Your roommate tells you that his therapist suggested he was "self-medicating" with alcohol. The therapist means: a. your roommate was drinking while taking prescription drugs that interact badly with alcohol b. your roommate was using alcohol to try to alleviate psychological troubles like anxiety c. your roommate was drinking because he enjoyed getting "buzzed" d. your roommate was using alcohol as an excuse for his misbehavior

b. your roommate was using alcohol to try to alleviate psychological troubles like anxiety

Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorder

become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms that they are experiencing, and their lives are greatly disrupted by the symptoms

health behavior

behavior taken by a person to maintain or gain good health

in approximately what year did the population of people in mental hospitals in the united states reach its peak? a) 1900 b)1930 c) 1950 d)1990

c) 1950

An advance psychiatric directive is: a) a procedure that must be followed as a part of civil commitment proceedings b) a professional responsibility to warn the potential victims of violence that they may be in danger c) a legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic d) a type of informed consent retired before beginning potentially dangerous psychiatric treatments

c) a legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic

Assertive Community Treatment for schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses involves: a) Aggressively hospitalizing patients who cannot care for themselves in addition to those who are dangerous to themselves or others b) A civil commitment procedure where a court orders patients to receive outpatient therapy and enabling hospitalization if they fail to comply with orders c) Actively engaging outpatients, including assertive efforts like home visits, to insure compliance with treatment such as taking medication d) Actively identifying community resources, for example, group homes, to ensure that services are available for the mentally ill in the least restrictive alternative setting

c) Actively engaging outpatients, including assertive efforts like home visits, to insure compliance with treatment such as taking medication

The "five factor" model or "big five" refers to the five: a) Major drugs of abuse b) Most common sexual dysfunctions (in men and women) c) Dimensions of normal personality d) Culture of thinness belief that even small clothing sizes are too large

c) Dimensions of normal personality

Which of the following grouping of drugs is NOT accurate? a) Psychomotor stimulants include amphetamines and cocaine b) Sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics include barbiturates and benzodiazepines c) Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, and PCP d) Opiates include opium, morphine, and heroin

c) Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, and PCP

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a) The literal meaning of "schizophrenia" is "split mind." b) The 2nd generation, "atypical" antipsychotics were thought to offer hope for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. c) Lower social class is a cause of schizophrenia not a consequence of the illness. d) Diagnostically, schizophrenia can be confused with psychotic affective disorders (e.g., psychotic depression).

c) Lower social class is a cause of schizophrenia not a consequence of the illness.

Endorphins are endogenous neuropeptides that are closely related chemically to a) Alcohol b) Cocaine c) Morphine d) Nicotine

c) Morphine

In the assigned outside reading, Watts et al. (2013) argued that narcissism had a "bright side." This bright side is: a) Called "vulnerable narcissism" - vulnerable because empathy for others tempers the narcissism b) The narcissist doesn't think they have a problem - the personality pattern is ego syntonic c) Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas d) Narcissists tend to be quite intelligent, thus some of the excess confidence is well placed

c) Narcissists can become leaders who are effective at "selling" their ideas

Which of the following is NOT an eating and feeding disorder listed in DSM-5? a) Binge eating disorder b) Rumination disorder c) Obesity d) None of the above are DSM-5 eating and feeding disorders e) B and C only

c) Obesity

A common technique of sex therapy is sensate focus which involves: a) Intense stimulation of the sexual organs prior to intercourse b) Concentrating on achieving orgasm oneself, not on your partner c) Practicing enjoying nonsexual physical contact with your partner d) Enjoying your partner with every sense except touch (sight, smell, hearing, even taste)

c) Practicing enjoying nonsexual physical contact with your partner

Your text includes a cartoon of a doe dumping a buck for another buck with really big antlers. She says, "It's not you. It's natural selection." Great break up line, but big deer antlers really are a result of ________ . a) Inclusive fitness b) Sexual selection, specifically intersexual competition c) Sexual selection, specifically intrasexual competition d) The coevolution of males and females

c) Sexual selection, specifically intrasexual competition

Detoxification involves: a) Treating family members to help them to stop enabling their loved one's abuse b) A life-threatening reaction to binge drinking c) The gradual process of removing a drug when a patient has become dependent on it d) Exposing yourself to more and more of a drug until you overcome its initial, negative effects

c) The gradual process of removing a drug when a patient has become dependent on it

What do research results tell us about the effectiveness of psychological treatments for sexual offenders? a) Most offenders can be helped. b) Only the offenders who admit their guilt can be helped. c) The results have been discouraging. d) Psychological treatment works best when combined with medications.

c) The results have been discouraging.

The ADH and ALDH genes, which are found disproportionately among Asians, have been shown to have what effect on alcoholism? a) They increase the risk for alcoholism b) Paradoxically, they only increase the risk for alcoholism among non-Asians, evidence for a gene-environment interaction c) They protect against the development of alcoholism by causing an adverse reaction to alcohol consumption d) They were once thought to protect against the development of alcoholism, but scientists now recognize that this mistaken conclusion was due to gene-environment correlation (Asian culture does not condone excessive alcohol consumption)

c) They protect against the development of alcoholism by causing an adverse reaction to alcohol consumption

The key difference between avoidant and schizoid personality disorders is a) Avoidant personality disorder has closer etiological ties to mood disorders than schizoid personality disorder does. b)Those with schizoid personality disorder tend to become extremely dependent on others; those with avoidant personality disorder manage to maintain their independence. c) Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of disapproval. d) Those with avoidant personality disorder suffer from self-induced social isolation; those with schizoid personality disorder are isolated by others reactions to them.

c) Those with schizoid personality disorder prefer to be alone; those with avoidant personality want to be liked by others but are afraid of disapproval.

rational suicide is... a) bizarre suicide pact that several groups of adolescents have made b) a description of the logic teenagers follow in justifying suicide based on mistake assumptions about their life never getting better c) a controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults d) the hotly debated procedure ( now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient to commit suicide

c) a controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults

What are status offenses? a) crimes that are illegal at any age b)behaviors that are disruptive but not illegal c) acts that are illegal only if you are a minor d) behaviors that are legal but morally questionable

c) acts that are illegal only if you are a minor

teenagers often engage in rule violations, so it is essential to distinguish between ____ and _____ antisocial behavior a) externalized; internalized b) manipulative; rebellious c) adolescent-limited; life-course persistent d) intentional; unintentional

c) adolescent-limited; life-course persistent

attempts to predict violence are especially likely to result in what type of error? a) high true positive rates b) high true negative rates c) high false positive rates d) high false negative rates

c) high false positive rates

according to your text, perhaps the two keys to a successful adjustment to later life are: a) resolving the late adult identity crisis, accepting the inevitability of death b) getting good treatment for anxiety and depression, living in a nursing home c) maintaining good physical health, maintaining close relationships with family and friends d) reminiscing about the past, planning on rejoining loves ones in the future

c) maintaining good physical health, maintaining close relationships with family and friends

which of the following is NOT a libertarian position in relation to mental health and the law? a) assisted suicide should be legal b) committed mental patients should have the right to refuse treatment c) mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves d) the insanity defense should be abolished

c) mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves

what happens if a person is found incompetent to stand trial? a) charges are dismissed b) the person is found not guilty by reason of insanity c) proceedings are postponed until the person is competent d) the person is found not guilty by reason of incompetence

c) proceedings are postponed until the person is competent

what can a caretaker do to prevent the intellectual disabilities associated with PKU? a) use behavior modification in early stimulation programs b) obtain an intrauterine blood transfusions c) put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet d) get vaccinated against the illness prior to becoming pregnant

c) put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet

In ADHD, hyperactivity is most notable in: a) psychological testing b) the presence of the child's parents c) structured situations d) anxiety-provoking circumstances

c) structured situations

In approximately what year did the population of people in mental hospitals peak in the US? a. 1900 b. 1930 c. 1950 d. 1990

c. 1950

The JAMA article by Fournier et al. (2010) on antidepressant medication (ADM) concluded that: a. ADM is no different from placebo b. ADM is no different from placebo in cases of severe depression c. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression d. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo across all levels of the severity of depression

c. ADM produces small benefits relative to placebo for mild/moderate depression but large benefits for severe depression

Around the same time that the emotional Jenny McCarthy video that we watched was made, The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offered this statement, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." This contrast in tone illustrates an important idea: a. Even the federal government can be corrupt, or at least in denial b. Science can be unfeeling. We need advocates to humanize the suffering caused by mental illness c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones d. Case studies are valuable in addition to correlational studies and experiments

c. As an inquiring skeptic, you should be persuaded more by cool, objective arguments than hot, emotional ones

The humanistic paradigm assumes that normal and abnormal behavior are a matter of free will. In contrast, all three other major paradigms assume: a. Insanity is a limitation on free will b. Normal behavior is a matter of free will but abnormal behavior is not c. Both normal and abnormal behavior are determined by potentially knowable factors d. Free will can be measured using the biopsychosocial model

c. Both normal and abnormal behavior are determined by potentially knowable factors

In lecture, I gave a case study of a young man who thought that, like basketball player Hank Gathers, he was about to have a massive heart attack based on an undiagnosed heart condition. His fears caused him to panic. This case was an example of a. Beck's idea of magnification b. A somatic symptom disorder c. Catastrophic misinterpretation d. Beck's idea of overgeneralization

c. Catastrophic misinterpretation

DSM-5 classifies mental disorders on the basis of: a. Hypothesized causes b. Most effective treatments c. Description (symptoms) d. Theory rather than research

c. Description (symptoms)

On the radio this weekend, I heard someone arguing that human consciousness may exist apart from activity in the human brain. (This is true. The speaker was trying to explain near-death experiences.) This speaker best represents which of the following "isms"? a. Holism b. Reductionism c. Dualism d. Humanism

c. Dualism

The key to the treatment of anxiety is _______ but ________ . a. Taking anti-anxiety medication as prescribed; many people do not take their medication b. Uncovering the deeper source of anxiety; the treatment is expensive and slow moving c. Exposure to the source of anxiety; exposure can be difficult to achieve d. Antidepressant medication; the FDA approves antidepressants only for depression treatment

c. Exposure to the source of anxiety; exposure can be difficult to achieve

Which of the following is NOT true of grief (as discussed in lecture)? a. People grieve differently in response to irrevocable and revocable losses. b. Grief is one example where a state similar to depression is precipitated by an environmental event. c. Grieving is a creation of the human psyche. d. Grief is difficult to study, because it unfolds over time and can differ from person to person.

c. Grieving is a creation of the human psyche.

Compared with physical illnesses, mental disorders rank where in terms of disease burden (effect on life expectancy)? a. mental disorders create more disease burden than all physical illnesses put together b. #2 following cardiovascular disease ahead of cancer c. Last, all major physical disorders create a greater burden d. Trick question, only physical illnesses are assessed for disease burden.

c. Last, all major physical disorders create a greater burden

Mental disorders appear to be polygenic. This means that: a. Scientists surely will identify the gene responsible for various disorders one day b. The same gene contributes to multiple disorders, so identifying candidate genes should help to cure multiple disorders c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes d. All of the above e. B and C only

c. Many genes are involved in producing a disorder, producing variation that looks like the normal distribution even with only a relatively small N of genes

The New York Times video (required) argued that the McMartin Preschool case showed that: a. Ritualistic child sexual abuse is far more common than we want to imagine b. With the aid of puppet therapists, children can be accurate eyewitnesses c. Media excess can create public hysteria even in the absence of hard evidence d. Successful prosecution can clean up long-hidden abuses

c. Media excess can create public hysteria even in the absence of hard evidence

Which of the following is NOT true of psychotropic medications used to treat mental disorders? a. Medication often is a safe and effective alternative b. Medication typically only offers symptom relief c. Medication is prescribed mostly be psychiatrists d. All of the above are true

c. Medication is prescribed mostly by psychiatrists

Most people are resilient in the face of trauma. This means: a. Despite their PTSD, most people find ways to cope with the demands of their life b. Most people recover from their PTSD without treatment c. Most people "bounce back" from the distress of trauma and do not develop PTSD d. Most people experience no distress when confronted with trauma

c. Most people "bounce back" from the distress of trauma and do not develop PTSD

Which of the following statements is accurate? a. People exposed to the same trauma are equally likely to develop PTSD b. Dissociation during trauma is an adaptive defense mechanism that predicts a decreased likelihood of future PTSD c. People who are more anxious and easily upset before a trauma are more likely to develop PTSD after a trauma d. The experience of all trauma is random, a matter of bad luck (or good luck)

c. People who are more anxious and easily upset before a trauma are more likely to develop PTSD after a trauma

Which of the following is NOT true about medications used in the treatment of mental disorders? a. Effective psychoactive medications offer only symptom relief b. Psychoactive medications often need to be taken for a very long time c. Psychiatrists prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications d. Psychoactive medications often have unpleasant side effects, and this can affect use e. All of the above

c. Psychiatrists prescribe the great majority of psychoactive medications

What research area focuses specifically on how psychological stress influences the immune system? a. Infectious disease b. Psychophysiology c. Psychoneuroimmunology d. Behavioral medicine

c. Psychoneuroimmunology

A cognitive-behavior therapist and a humanistic therapist are arguing about the effectiveness of their respective treatments. The cognitive-behavior therapist says dozens of studies support her approach. The humanistic therapist says, while her approach hadn't been studied, research to date has always been contradicted by true believers in cognitive behavior therapy. In terms of research issues, what legitimate arguments can the cognitive behavior therapist (first in choices below) and the humanistic therapist (second in choices below) offer against each other? a. The placebo effect (common factors) accounts for much of the benefit of psychotherapy; you can never prove the null hypothesis. b. Process research is more relevant than outcome research; outcome research is more relevant than process research c. The burden of proof rests with the proponent of a hypothesis; the allegiance effect explains findings to date d. some therapies are little more than a placebo; therapy effectiveness has been demonstrated but not therapy efficacy

c. The burden of proof rests with the proponent of a hypothesis; the allegiance effect explains findings to date

In the debate between "lumpers" and "splitters" about anxiety disorders, the splitters argue that a. People with anxiety disorders are split off (dissociate) from reality. b. People with anxiety disorders may show physiological, behavioral, or cognitive symptoms but do not need to exhibit all three. c. There are several separate and distinct anxiety disorders. d. Pathological anxiety is qualitatively different from normal anxiety.

c. There are several separate and distinct anxiety disorders.

Why are braining imaging procedures not widely used for the diagnosis of mental disorders? a. The procedures are currently too expensive to be used in routine clinical work and instead are only used to diagnose mental disorders in research studies b. Brain imaging is routinely used by psychiatrists in making diagnoses, but other mental health professionals (who far outnumber psychiatrists) are not trained in using the technique c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders d. In fact, braining imaging procedures became the diagnostic standard with the publication of DSM-5

c. There is no evidence that these procedures can be used to identify mental disorders

What is the best no treatment control group in psychotherapy outcome research? a. No treatment. Duh! b. A sugar pill c. This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on d. Trick question! You don't need a no-treatment control group in a treatment study

c. This is a tricky question with no clear answer, because people in a "no treatment" group seek "treatment" in the form of talking to friends or family, asking advice, and so on

I urged you to appreciate both "common factors" and "active ingredients" in different psychotherapies. This means: a. A combination of medication and therapy often is most effective b. Sugar pills work, meaning they contain both placebos and active ingredients c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective d. Of course, the different therapy paradigms have different ideas about psychotherapy but they all involve some form of a "talking cure"

c. While we want specific treatments for specific disorders, we need to remember that aspects of the helping relationship make all therapies more effective

Rational suicide is A. A bizarre suicide b. a description of the logic teenagers follow in justifying suicide based on mistaken assumptions about their life never getting better c. a controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults d. the hotly debated procedure (now legal in a few states) where physicians might help a terminally ill patient commit suicide

c. a controversial term for suicides among those facing painful, terminal illness, particularly older adults

An advance psychiatric directive is: a. a procedure that must be followed as a part of civil commitment proceedings b. a professional responsibility to warn the potential victims of violence that they may be in danger c. a legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic d. a type of informed consent required before beginning potentially dangerous psychiatric treatments

c. a legal instrument completed by mental patients about their treatment preferences in the event that they become psychotic

What are status offenses? a. crimes that are illegal at any age b. behaviors that are disruptive but not illegal c. acts that are illegal only if you are a minor d. behaviors that are legal but morally questionable

c. acts that are illegal only if you are a minor

What is the first step of the AA 12 step program? a. recognizing that you have a problem and agreeing to seek therapy for it b. checking into a hospital detox program to get past physiological addiction before stopping drinking c. admitting you are powerless over alcohol and unable to manage drinking on your own d. hitting bottom

c. admitting you are powerless over alcohol and unable to manage drinking on your own

Teenagers often engage in rule violations, so it is essential to distinguish between ______ and _______ antisocial behavior. a. externalized; internalized b. manipulative; rebellious c. adolescent-limited; life-course-persistent d. intentional; unintentional

c. adolescent-limited; life-course-persistent

Which of the following is NOT true? a. sedatives and hypnotics can lead to a state of intoxication very much like alcohol intoxication b. many severe health consequences opiate use result from the lifestyle of the addict, not the drug itself c. amphetamines and cocaine are hallucinogens that can produce psychosis with long-term use d. marijuana use may produce reverse tolerance, where smaller doses are needed to get high e. none of the above are false

c. amphetamines and cocaine are hallucinogens that can produce psychosis with long-term use

Which of the following medications is a "first-line" therapy for PTSD? a. anti-anxiety medications b. anti-hypertensive medications c. anti-depressant medications d. stimulant medications

c. anti-depressant medications

The _____ of personality disorders is evident in ______ a. reliability; their appearance in DSM5 b. validity; the rejection of dimensional definitions of personality disorders in DSM5 c. comorbidity; DSM5's grouping of personality disorders into clusters d. Enduring nature; DSM5's criterion of repeated help seeking as a part of the diagnosis e. All of the above

c. comorbidity; DSM5's grouping of personality disorders into clusters

which of the following is known as the "stress hormone"? a. adrenaline b. epinephrine c. cortisol d. norepinephrine

c. cortisol

Mental disorders are currently classified on the basis of A. causes b. most effective treatments c. descriptive features d. all of the above e. A and B only

c. descriptive features

You get angry over a low grade, but instead of getting mad at the professor, who intimidates you, you later pick a fight with your roommate for no apparent reason. This is an example of: a. projection b. sublimation c. displacement d. reaction formation

c. displacement

True story. In a recent article from Virginia magazine, a UVA medical center professor explained that, he could study children's "past lives". Why? Because human consciousness exists apart from the activity of the brain. This statement best represents which of the following "isms" discussed in chapter 2? A. holism b. reductionalism c. dualism d. humanism

c. dualism

Skinner taught rats to press a lever for food. However, the rats taught Skinner to feed them when they pressed. This is an example of: a. reverse causality b. operant casuality c. reciprocal causality d. circular thinking

c. reciprocal causality

How does the DSM5 define trauma? a. A horrific event that occurs outside of the realm of ordinary human experience b. an event involving actual or threatened death to oneself or others that produces intense fear, helplessness and fear c. exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (but not through media exposure) d.exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (including media exposure)

c. exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly, witnessing in person occurring to others, learning that this occurred to someone close to you (involving violence), experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to details of events occurring to others (but not through media exposure)

Jocelyn, the woman in the video shown in class earlier in the semester who engaged in sadomasochistic relationships, would not be considered to have a DSM5 mental disorder because: a. She had been a victim of sexual abuse by her father b. she had been a victim of sexual abuse by a masochistic man c. her relationships did not cause her distress or interfere with her functioning d. In fact. Jocelyn would be considered to have a paraphilic disorder

c. her relationships did not cause her distress or interfere with her functioning

Attempts to predict violence are especially likely to result in what type of error? a. high true positive rates b. high true negative rates c. high false positive rates d. high false negative rates

c. high false positive rates

"You need to be careful about the effects of calling someone 'schizophrenic', 'manic', 'manic', 'LD'. That stigmatizes people and make others treat them differently." This concern is most closely associated with: a. the biopsychosocial model b. the DSM5 c. labeling theory d. psychoanalytic theory

c. labeling theory

According to your text, perhaps the two keys to successful adjustment later in life are: a. resolving the late adult identity crisis, accepting the inevitability of death b. getting good treatment for anxiety and depression c. maintaining good physical health and close relationships with family and friends d. reminiscing about the past, planning on rejoining loved ones about the future

c. maintaining good physical health and close relationships with family and friends

A particularly severe form of depression, one that may respond best to biological treatments perhaps including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is called: a. major depressive disorder b. persistent depressive disorder c. melancholia d. there is no such diagnosis

c. melancholia

Which of the following is NOT a libertarian position in relation to mental health and the law? a. assisted suicide should be legal b. committed mental patients should have the right to refuse treatment c. mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves d. the insanity defense should be abolished

c. mental patients should be hospitalized if they are unable to care for themselves

Endorphins are endogenous neuropeptides that are closely related chemically to a) Alcohol b) Cocaine c) Morphine d) Nicotine

c. morphine

c. obesity

Repetitive, intrusive thoughts are called a. phobias b. flashbacks c. obsessions d. compulsions

c. obsessions

______ characteristics are influenced by _____ genes and produce traits that vary _____. a. autosomal; multiple; qualitatively b. autosomal; single; quantitatively c. polygenic; multiple; quantitatively d. polygenic; single; qualitatively

c. polygenic; multiple; quantitatively

What happens if a person is found incompetent to stand trial? a. the charges are dismissed b. the person is found "not guilty by reason of insanity" c. proceedings are postponed until the person is competent d. the person is found not guilty by reason of incompetence

c. proceedings are postponed until the person is competent

These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances, whose case of depression was described in the text: "Client uses denial to protect herself from inner rage at family members." The theoretical orientation of this therapist is most likely: a. Humanistic b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Psychodynamic d. Biological

c. psychodynamic

What can a caretaker do to prevent the intellectual disabilities associated with PKU? a. use behavior modification b. obtain an intrauterine blood transfusions c. put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet d. get vaccinated against the illness prior to becoming pregnant

c. put the child on a long-term phenylalanine free diet

Which of the following is a mental disorder listed in DSM5? a. sexual addiction disorder b. ego-dystonic homosexuality disorder c. sexual masochism disorder d. all of the above e. A and C only

c. sexual masochism disorder

In ADHD, hyperactivity is most notable in: a. psychological testing b. the presence of the child's parents c. structured situations d. anxiety-provoking situations

c. structured situations

A depressed mood is familiar to almost everyone. Clinical depression is different and diagnosed only when a. someone with a depressed mood consults a mental health professional b. the depressed mood is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain c. the depressed mood is accompanied by other symptoms d. someone with a depressed mood has suicidal ideation e. A, B, and C only

c. the depressed mood is accompanied by other symptoms

Reactivity refers to a. A defense mechanism where you attack others before being attacked yourself b. the prejudice that becomes apparent when people learn you have a mental disorder c. the fact that people tend to change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change d. the tendency to resist change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change

c. the fact that people tend to change in therapy, even though you seek treatment so you can change

Weight suppression is ______ and it is important because ______. a. the anorexic's fear of gaining weight; it interferes with the success of treatment b. the ideal embraced by many young women in industrialized societies; the standard is responsible for increased rates of of eating disorders c. the highest adult weight minus current weight; it predicts the maintenance and onset of bulimia d. weight loss due to food insufficiency or a metabolic disorder; it is NOT considered to be an eating disorder

c. the highest adult weight minus current weight; it predicts the maintenance and onset of bulimia

Which of the following is NOT true of the symptoms of major depressive disorder? a. several symptoms may take the form of one extreme or another (weight loss or gain, for example) b. thoughts of suicide can be a symptom of depression c. the presence of depressed mood is required for a diagnosis d. depression involves cognitive, behavioral, emotional and somatic symptoms, and different approaches emphasize different symptoms in theories of causation and treatment approaches e. All of the above are true

c. the presence of depressed mood is required for a diagnosis

In the J.K. and family case study presented in lecture, a therapist used intense short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with them in an effort to rapidly tear down defenses. This was a bad idea because: a. J already had treatment and it failed b. Research shows this treatment only works with psychotic depression c. the treatment increases expressed emotion, which should be decreased in schizophrenia d. the therapist was not well trained in this effective but very difficult and potentially risky approach

c. the treatment increases expressed emotion, which should be decreased in schizophrenia

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Even divorce is partially genetic b. Behavior genetics studies reveal nothing about the mechanism of genetic transmissions c. estimates or heritability increase as environmental variation increases d. All of the above are true

c.estimates or heritability increase as environmental variation increases

dissociative disorders

category of psychological disorders characterized by persistent, maladaptive disruptions in the integration of memory consciousness, or identity.

Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders

changes in identity or memory

Symptoms of Munchausen by Proxy

child is sickest in presence of parent

"Can a Playground Be Too Safe" Article

children not taking risks may result in anxiety and panic disorders later in life.

essential hypertension

chronic high blood pressure with no single known cause

Course and Outcome of Trauma, ASD, and PTSD

common symptoms include numbing, depersonalization, and reliving experiences; PTSD experiences can decline over time but often are persistant

emotion-focused coping

coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional REACTION to the stressor

Psychological Causes of Depression and Bipolar Disorder

core beliefs; early experiences; attributions/distortions/maladaptive schemas (self/internal blame, guilt in reaction to negative events, distorted view of the world and interpretation of events); inhibition of negative thoughts (actually tends to make things worse)

Fournier Article

correlation between depression severity and effectiveness of placebo vs. medication; less severe depression showed that placebo was more effect, with more severe depression, showed medication was more effective

Which of the following statements is true? a) Drinking coffee lowers blood alcohol level b) Caffeine dependence is included in DSM-5 as a substance use disorder c) Hallucinogens produce only auditory hallucinations d) High doses of cocaine or amphetamines can produce psychosis, at least temporarily

d) High doses of cocaine or amphetamines can produce psychosis, at least temporarily

Which of the following could be a compensatory behavior that is a part of bulimia nervosa? a) Self-induced vomiting b) Intensive exercise c) Rigid fasting d) All of the above e) Trick question. Bulimia nervosa does not include compensatory behavior

d) All of the above

Which of the following is a problem with diagnosing personality disorders? a) The diagnosis of most personality disorders is quite unreliable b) The line dividing abnormal from normal personality is not clear c) The symptoms are typically ego syntonic, thus self-report is suspect because people often do not view their symptoms as problems d) All of the above e) A and B only

d) All of the above

According to your text, which of the following is an accurate conclusion about the treatment of alcoholism and substance use disorders? a)Short-term improvements are common, but so is relapse b) While there is no evidence that one treatment is clearly most effective, alcoholics anonymous (AA) and similar peer treatments seem to help achieve abstinence c) People who reduce consumption typically improve in their health and life functioning too d) All of the above are accurate e) A and C only

d) All of the above are accurate

According to your text, which of the following is true of antipsychotic medication in the treatment of schizophrenia? a) Patients need to take medication for prolonged periods of time, often for life b) Relapse is common as patients often stop taking medication c) Serious, sometimes irreversible side effects can result from the prolonged use of medication d) All of the above are true e) A and C only

d) All of the above are true

An operational definition is: a) A theoretical idea about an internal state or how someone thinks or feels b) An everyday, working belief about psychological motivations and emotions c) A temporary belief that is situation specific not an enduring trait d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

An operational defintion is: a) A theoretical idea about an internal state or how someone thinks or feels b) An everyday, working belief about psychological motivations and emotions c) A temporary belief that is situation specific not an enduring trait d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

d) An empirical measure of a theoretical construct

How does DSM-5 define an addiction? a) Based on the number of symptoms a patient meets for diagnosis b) Based on the presence of craving and withdrawal c) Based on a list of psychological factors d) DSM-5 does not distinguish addiction from other substance use problems

d) DSM-5 does not distinguish addiction from other substance use problems

According to your text and lecture, which of the following is the most widely accepted evolutionary account of schizophrenia? a) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on creative genius b) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on working memory c) Schizophrenia is an extreme variation on normal, adaptive skepticism or defensiveness d) Schizophrenia is difficult to explain in evolutionary terms, as the symptoms seem to have no adaptive purpose

d) Schizophrenia is difficult to explain in evolutionary terms, as the symptoms seem to have no adaptive purpose

A dimensional model for classifying personality disorders was considered but the traditional system was maintained because the dimensional model was: a) Less reliable that the traditional system b) More reliable but less valid than the traditional system c) Overinclusive, including many normal personality problems as disorders d) Simply too complicated

d) Simply too complicated

Borderline personality disorder refers to: a) Someone who almost meets DSM criteria for a personality disorder b) Someone who is close to being psychotic c) Someone who combines elements of different personality disorders d) Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

d) Someone with intense fears of abandonment, unstable relationships, impulsive behavior, and emotional instability

Our class discussion about the overemphasis placed on women's appearance, especially thinness, and what a father can do to encourage positive self-esteem and health in his daughter's bears closest resemblance to: a)The expressive writing component of eating disorder prevention programs b)The healthy eating component of eating disorder prevention programs c) The assessment only component of eating disorder prevention programs d) The dissonance component of eating disorder prevention programs

d) The dissonance component of eating disorder prevention programs

in a few years, you'll see headlines like "ausitm spectrum disorders have far better outcomes than previously thought" because you took this class, i hope you will remember to attribute this to: a) current advances in our knowledge of the cause of the disorder b) current advances in our knowledge of the psychological treatment of this disorder c) current advances in our knowledge of the biological treatment of this disorder d) a much broader definition of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases e) a and b

d) a much broader definition of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases

which of the following is a right held by mental patients committed to a mental hospital? a) the right to treatment b) the right to treatment in the least restrictive environment c) the right to refuse treatment, at least in some circumstances d) all af the above are rights of committed patients e) none of the above; involuntary commitment means patients lose their rights

d) all af the above are rights of committed patients

which of the following was never a formal ground for the insanity defense? a) the inability to distinguish right from wrong b) experiencing an "irresistible impulse," an inability to control your actions c) the behavior was a product of a mental illness (the "product" test) d) all of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in U.S. history

d) all of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in U.S. history

What medication has a "black box" warning for adolescents and why? a) psychostimulants, they have the potential to be abused by adolescents b)anti anxiety medications, they have the potential to become addictive, particularly when used by adolescents c) antipsychotic medications, they have been overused in the treatment of bipolar disorders among adolescents d) antidepressants, they may increase suicidal thinking among adolescents

d) antidepressants, they may increase suicidal thinking among adolescents

the most effective, evidence-based treatment for autism is: a) antidepressant medication b)antipsychotic medication c) electroconvulsive therapy (even though it is rarely used) d) applied behavior analysis (intensive behavior therapy)

d) applied behavior analysis (intensive behavior therapy)

In constrast to the legal system's philosophy, how does (must) psychological science view human behavior? a) as basically good, without need for control b)as a product of free will c)as influenced by intrapsychic factors d) as determined by biological, psychological and social factors

d) as determined by biological, psychological and social factors

Which of the following characterizes a man with gender dysphoria? a) is depressed because of his sexual identity b) holds a delusional belief that he is a woman c) is sexually aroused by dressing as a woman d) believes that, in spite of his anatomy, he is really a woman

d) believes that, in spite of his anatomy, he is really a woman

the family life cycle refers to the ... a) family genealogy b) motivation to leave a legacy by having children and perpetuating the family lineage c) framework that some therapists use in helping families grieve the pain of divorce d) developmental course of changing family relationships

d) developmental course of changing family relationships

A dramatic style, excessive emotionality, attention seeking, inappropriate sexual seductiveness characterize: a) narcissistic personality disorder b) schizoid personality disorder c) antisocial personality disorder d) histrionic personality disorder

d) histrionic personality disorder

Hyperactive sexual drive disorder: a) is included in DSM-5 under sexual dysfunctions b) is included in DSM-5 under paraphilic disorders c) is included in DSM-5 under sexual addictions d) is not included in DSM-5

d) is not included in DSM-5

the percentage of patients who commit acts of violence is highest among patients with which type of disorder? a) schizophrenia b) major depression c) biopolar disorder d) substance abuse/ dependence

d) substance abuse/ dependence

what is the current consensus regarding the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional-defiant disorder? a) the two disorders are essentially the same b) ADHD tends to resolve itself with time; oppositional defiant disorder is more often a lifelong problem c) attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder is often an outgrowth of oppositional-defiant disorder d) the two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

d) the two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

Treatment of Factitious Disorder

focusing on the causes of these disorders and apply insight, exposure, and drug therapies

how does dsm-5 classify childhood disorders? a) they are coded as neurodevelopmental disorders b) they are divided into internalizing and externalizing disorders c) they are classified as psychological disorders of childhood d) there is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions of various disorders are now grouped w/ the related adult diagnosis

d) there is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions of various disorders are now grouped w/ the related adult diagnosis

In 2010, Teresa Lewis was executed in Virginia for being a "mastermind" in a plot to kill her husband. (Co-conspirators committed the actual murder.) Her tested IQ was 72. Based on a 2014 U.S. Supreme Court Ruling in Hall v. Florida, her case may have reached a different outcome today because the Supreme Court ruled: a) the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment for someone with an intellectual disability b) because of the potential for manipulation, the death penalty can only be applied if a defendant with a borderline IQ commits a murder c) only testimony by the defendant's expert witness can be included in a trial d) when someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff of 70 cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

d) when someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff of 70 cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

If I wanted to argue against using psychostimulants to treat ADHD and that instead we should put more resources into schools, which of the following is NOT a fact I might use to support my argument? a) medication is typically prescribed for when children are in schools but not weekends, holidays etc b) psychostimulants clearly improve children's behavior, but benefits for learning are more uncertain c) psychostimulants have short-term benefits but long-term benefits have not been demonstrated d)pyschostimulants lead to drug abuse e) all of the adobe are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants

d)pyschostimulants lead to drug abuse

Which of the following is true? a. different classification systems have value for different purposes b. Psychology has well-accepted classification systems, but politics prevent their broad acceptance c. The DSM once classified mental disorders based on psychoanalytic theory d. A and C only e. None of the above are true

d. A and C only

Girls who reach menarche at a younger age attract boys who are older and more interested in their physical appearance/sexuality compared to girls who reach menarche at an older age. Age at menarche is strongly influenced by genes. This is an example of: a. Polygenic attraction b. Genetic predestination c. A gene-environment interaction d. A gene-environment correlation

d. A gene-environment correlation

In a few years, you'll see headlines like, "Autism spectrum disorders have far better outcomes than previously thought." Because you took this class, I hope you will remember to attribute this to: a. Current advances in our knowledge of the cause of the disorder b. Current advances in our knowledge of the psychological treatment of the disorder c. current advances in our knowledge of the biological treatment of the disorder d. A much broader definition of of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases e. A and B only

d. A much broader definition of of autism spectrum that includes more high functioning cases

How do conversion disorders differ from what used to be called "psychosomatic disorders?" a. Conversion disorders are not "all in your head." b. Psychosomatic disorders make no sense neurologically. c. Conversion disorders are unrelated to psychological stress. d. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

d. Conversion disorders involve no known underlying organic impairment.

Researchers question assertions that dissociative identity disorder is far more common than assumed because: a. Most cases are diagnosed by a handful of ardent advocates b. The diagnosis grew rapidly following the popularity of the book and movie Sybil c. Dissociative disorders are rarely diagnosed outside of the U.S. and Canada d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

When people hear, "It's genetic," we tend to think there's a gene for the condition. I suggested, however, that this conclusion is wrong-headed when it comes to psychological disorders. Something can be genetic and still: a. Involve quantitative differences. You can be a "little bit" depressed, ADHD, eating disordered etc b. Be affected by genes indirectly. We don't necessarily have a gene "for" a given disorder. Genes may contribute indirectly to risk by influencing personality, body type, appearance, age at menstruation, etc. c. Be influenced by the environment. As with PKU, the environment can influence whether or not a genetic predisposition is expressed. d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. All of the above

Which of the following analogies between science and the law is accurate? a. The burden of proof lies on the proponent of a hypothesis (as it does on the prosecution: you are innocent until proven guilty) b. You never prove the null hypothesis, you just fail to reject it (as you never prove innocence but instead may be found "not guilty") c. False "proof" is viewed as a worse error than the failure to prove something that is, in fact, true (it is better to let 10 guilty people go free than to imprison one innocent person) d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an established, evidence-based treatment for depression? a. Antidepressant medication b. Cognitive behavior therapy c. Interpersonal therapy d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is true about the results of the Collaborative Research Program for the treatment of depression (discussed in lecture)? a. A substantial placebo effect was found b. Antidepressant medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal therapy all outperformed placebo c. Antidepressant medication, cognitive behavior therapy, and interpersonal therapy all had substantial relapse rates d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

You are using an experimental design to study the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy versus humanistic therapy in the treatment of depression among first year students adjusting to college. Which of the following is a dependent variable you may well want to include in your study? a. Whether students will meet the criteria for a depression diagnosis after treatment b. whether students still meet the criteria for a depression diagnosis after treatment c. Whether GPA changes after treatment d. all of the above e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? a. Personality inventory; MMPI b. Projective test; Rorschach inkblot c. Brain imaging; MRI d. All of the above are correct pairings

d. All of the above are correct pairings

I find that people in unhappy close relationships are more likely to be depressed. I conclude that troubled relationships cause depression. Which of the following is true about my conclusion? a. My conclusion might be right b. Depression might cause unhappy relationships c. Bad living circumstances might cause both depression and troubled relationships d. All of the above are true e. B and C only

d. All of the above are true

I randomly assign students worried about "what are you going to do after graduation" either to talk with Mom or talk with a humanistic therapist. My hypothesis is that the objectivity of the humanistic therapist will make students more relaxed and help them to make better post-graduation choices. Which of the following is NOT true of this study? a. this is an experiment b. talking with Mom is an attempt to control for placebo effects c. If humanistic therapy proves more successful, I cannot be sure that is due to the therapists' objectivity d. All of the above are true e. B and C only

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Homosexuality once was listed in the DSM as a mental disorder, but it was removed in the 1970s b. Hypersexual disorder was considered for inclusion in DSM-5 but was not included in the final version c. Sexual masochism is listed as a mental disorder in DSM-5, but only is a disorder if it causes significant personal distress or impairment in functioning d. All of the above are true

d. All of the above are true

Which of the following is NOT one of the "big five" normal personality factors? a. neuroticism b. openness to experience c. conscientiousness d. intuitiveness

d. intuitiveness

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. Many normal people report experiencing intrusive, unacceptable thoughts on occasion. b. The content of obsessions typically involves social unacceptable themes like sex, violence, or contamination c. Obsessive-compulsive disorders are no longer classified as anxiety disorders in DSM-5 d. Antianxiety drugs are the most common and effective medication for OCD

d. Antianxiety drugs are the most common and effective medication for OCD

Regulates the function of various bodily organs with little or no conscious control. This is the: a. Endocrine system b. Psychophysiology c. Somatic nervous system d. Autonomic nervous system

d. Autonomic nervous system

Historically, the term "hysteria" included the disorders _______. The problem was once thought to only occur among _______ , as indicated by the Greek derivation of the term. a. Multiple personality and dissociative amnesia; the easily hypnotized b. Hysterical disorders (e.g., hysterical blindness) and psychosomatic illnesses; adolescents c. Depression and anxiety; people with a dramatic personality style d. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

d. Conversion disorders and dissociative disorders; women

Nonsuicidal self-injury involves: a. Threats to commit suicide that are purely manipulative in nature b. Compulsive participation in reckless "extreme" sports, leading to frequent self-harm c. Efforts to kill the psychological self, but not the physical self d. Deliberate self-harm that may help regulate intense, negative emotion

d. Deliberate self-harm that may help regulate intense, negative emotion

I have a clinically depressed client who is also very angry. Based on lecture, which of the following is NOT a reasonable hypothesis to hold about my client's anger? a. I might wonder if his depression is anger turned inward, as Freud hypothesized b. I might wonder if, as a man, he is more comfortable expressing anger than sadness c. I might wonder if his anger is simply a reaction to the chronic unpleasant state of being depressed d. I might wonder if he is really depressed, since depressed people rarely are angry

d. I might wonder if he is really depressed, since depressed people rarely are angry

Acute Stress Disorder was included in the DSM because: a. The symptoms of this problem clearly differ from those of posttraumatic stress disorder b. Most people who have been exposed to trauma seek out mental health care shortly afterwards c. Acute stress disorder actually is more enduring than posttraumatic stress disorder d. It was hoped that early intervention would prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

d. It was hoped that early intervention would prevent the development of posttraumatic stress disorder

______ is akin to "working the refs" in pursuit of answers. ______ is like official review. a. Psychology; biology b. Paradigms; the biopsychosocial model c. Social science; natural science d. Law and politics; science

d. Law and politics; science

Suppose a trait is entirely determined by the shared environment. Which of the following could be expected in a twin study of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins? a. MZ and DZ twins would both have zero percent concordance. b. MZ twins would have fifty percent concordance, DZ twins would have a zero percent concordance c. MZ twins would have one hundred percent concordance, DZ twins would have fifty percent concordance d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

d. MZ and DZ twins would both have one hundred percent concordance

"Stephanie," the former grad student who was sexually assaulted in the case in Chapter 7 allowed me to share her story to educate others. Which of the following best characterizes her willingness to allow me to put her case in the text? a. Prolonged exposure therapy b. Imagery rehearsal therapy c. Emotional processing d. Meaning making

d. Meaning making

Converting the cost of the gallon of gasoline in different countries into dollar terms and then computing the average cost of gasoline by gallon throughout the world is a lot like the logic of: a. reliability b. validity c. dependent variables d. Meta-analysis

d. Meta-analysis

Which of the following is NOT true about the treatment of anorexia nervosa? a. weight gain often is an initial goal, and may require hospitalization, forced or intravenous feeling, pr strict behavioral programs b. Many individual therapies have been tried but none have clear research support c. Medication or nutritional counseling typically offer little benefit d. None of the above (all are true) e. B and C only

d. None of the above (all are true)

Mental health professionals here at UVa are trained to offer critical incident stress debriefing in the event that students should experience widespread trauma. Based on evidence from your text, this intervention should: a. Dramatically lower cases of ASD and PTSD. b. Resolve ASD more rapidly and therefore prevent new cases of PTSD. c. Reduce cases of ASD but only slightly lower cases of PTSD. d. Show no benefit for either ASD or PTSD, and perhaps produce harmful effects.

d. Show no benefit for either ASD or PTSD, and perhaps produce harmful effects.

In lecture, I suggested that future classification systems might include diagnoses like "fight or flight" disorder. I raised this possibility to suggest: a. Current mental disorders include problems with excessive anxiety and sadness but not excessive anger b. Catchy phrases like "fight or flight" are easy to remember and advocate for, illustrating how politics comes into the process of creating the DSM c. The statistical model of classification must consider that extremes at both ends of a distribution often are abnormal, for example, mania or depression, fight or flight d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

d. The basis for classifying disorders may well change in the future, for example, basing classification on evolutionary psychology

What is the theoretical basis for defining a mental disorder in DSM-5? a. The problem is a harmful dysfunction b. The problem causes personal distress c. The problem is not culturally sanctioned d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

d. There is no unifying theoretical definition; in the end, DSM-5 is an agreed upon list

Describe the format of the typical double-blind study of psychotherapy. . a. neither the patient nor the therapist knows which treatment is being delivered b. a placebo control group is used, but the treatment appears to be "real" to the patient and the therapist c. neither patients nor therapists know a study's hypothesis d. Trick question! You cannot conduct a double blind study of psychotherapy

d. Trick question! You cannot conduct a double blind study of psychotherapy

The competitive, hostile, urgent, achievement striving personality style that has been linked with risk for heart diseases is known as: a. Narcissistic personality disorder b. Antisocial personality disorder c. Pessimistic bias d. Type A behavior pattern

d. Type A behavior pattern

Based on the videos we watched in class, which of the following was NOT a part of the therapy of Albert Ellis: a. Challenging "irrational" beliefs b. urging Gloria to accept his point of view c. talking frequently d. adopting a socratic, "Columbo" style of teaching

d. adopting a socratic, "Columbo" style of teaching

In lecture, we discussed possible evolutionary functions of sadness/depression including: a. a way to recruit social attention and/or resources b. a "reset" indicating that your current situation is not working and needs change c. seasonal shutting down of resources, akin to habituation d. All of the above e. A and B only

d. all of the above

Which of the following contemporary circumstances complicates the definition of abnormal behavior? a. there is no agreed upon definition of normal behavior b. there is no agreed upon definition of what constitutes abnormal behavior c. beliefs and values influence what people consider to be abnormal d. All of the above e. B and C only

d. all of the above

d. all of the above are accurate

Which of the following is a right held by mental patients committed to a mental hospital? a. the right to treatment b. the right to treatment in the least restrictive environment c. the right to refuse treatment, at least in some circumstances d. all of the above are rights of committed patients e. none of the above; involuntary commitment means patients lose their rights

d. all of the above are rights of committed patients

Which of the following was NEVER a formal ground for the insanity defense? a. the inability to distinguish right from wrong b. experiencing an "irresistible impulse" an inability to control your actions c. the behavior was a product of a mental illness (the product test) d. all of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in US history

d. all of the above were grounds for insanity at some point in US history

Even if I get the early symptoms of a migraine, I keep doing what I'm doing and this helps to alleviate my pain. My action is an example of: a. emotion-focused coping b. repression c. finding an outlet for frustration d. altering illness behavior

d. altering illness behavior

What medication has a "black box" warning for adolescents and why? a. psychostimulants, they have the potential to be abused by adolescents b. anti-anxiety medications, they have the potential to become addictive, particularly when used by adolescents c. antipsychotic medications, they have been overused in the treatment of bipolar disorder among adolescents d. anti-depressants, they may increase suicidal thoughts among adolescents

d. anti-depressants, they may increase suicidal thoughts among adolescents

The most effective evidence-based treatment for autism is: a. antidepressant medication b. antipsychotic medication c. ECT d. applied intensive behavioral therapy

d. applied intensive behavioral therapy

In contrast to the legal system's philosophy, how does (must) psychological science view human behavior? a. as basically good, without need for legal control b. as a product of free will c. as influenced by intraphysics factors more than social or legal ones d. as determined by biological, psychological and social forces

d. as determined by biological, psychological and social forces

Which of the following statements is NOT true about anorexia and bulimia? a. the prevalence of both increased dramatically later in the 20th century b. the symptoms of the disorders often overlap, as some women with anorexia will occasionally binge and purge and some women with bulimia have a history of anorexia c. Both are more common among young females of a higher socioeconomic status d. both disorders are ego syntonic, which makes treatment difficult e. all of the above are true

d. both disorders are ego syntonic, which makes treatment difficult

Whether I think DSM includes too many disorders or does not include enough, my concern is one about the manual's: a. reliability b. validity c. coverage d. categorical approach

d. categorical approach

In lecture, I referred to "classic" autism. The NYT outside reading referred to "classic" ADHD. Why was it necessary to refer to "classic" in these two instances? a. DSM5 distinguishes between classic and and atypical cases of each disorder b. Autism and ADHD have high comorbidity, so it is necessary to refer to classic (pure) cases, where children only suffer from one disorder c. Treatments from each disorder are only effective for classic cases; they can actually have paradoxical effects on non classic cases d. definitions of the disorders have expanded so rapidly that it is necessary to refer to past, narrower (classic) diagnoses

d. definitions of the disorders have expanded so rapidly that it is necessary to refer to past, narrower (classic) diagnoses

The family life cycle refers to the a. family genealogy b. motivation to leave a legacy by having children and perpetuating the family lineage c. framework that some therapists use in helping families grieve the pain of divorce d. developmental course of changing family relationships

d. developmental course of changing family relationships

Roger's client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of a. interpretation b. countertransference c. directiveness d. empathy

d. empathy

Exposure and response prevention is an effective psychological treatment for OCD. The treatment involves: a. reliving terrible memories without obsessing or becoming compulsive b. self-help and social support modeled after AA c. a combination of medication and CBT d. exposure to sources of anxiety and prevention of usual compulsive response to exposure

d. exposure to sources of anxiety and prevention of usual compulsive response to exposure

While psychologists disagree about human nature, two qualities that evolutionary psychologists are very likely to include (and are listed in your text) are: A. classical and operant conditioning b. positive and negative emotions c. extraversion and neuroticism d. forming attachments and striving for dominance

d. forming attachments and striving for dominance

_____ are sensory experiences not caused by actual external stimuli, and in schizophrenia they are most likely to be _____. a. delusions; paranoid b. delusions; visual c. hallucinations; visual d. hallucinations; auditory

d. hallucinations; auditory

A friend becomes an investment banker. He works for 90 hours a week for 20 years, gains 50 pounds, smokes, and eats lots off fatty food. He develops heart disease. Given this description, what explanation of the link between stress and illness BEST explains how he got sick: a. Selye's general adaption syndrome-he reached the stage of exhaustion b. Cannon's idea that he cannot return to homeostasis c. His body's normal repair functions have become impaired d. his illness is caused indirectly by poor health behavior

d. his illness is caused indirectly by poor health behavior

"I believe in people's basic goodness. Unless society distorts this natural impulse, humans will exercise their free will toward positive ends." This statement is most likely to be made by someone who is: a. Biological b. cognitive-behavioral c. psychodynamic d. humanistic e. too little info to tell f. A and B only

d. humanistic

Through easily confused, negative reinforcement and punishment are quite different; with negative reinforcement, behavior ______ with the aversive stimulus is ______, and with punishment behavior ______ when the aversive stimulus is _____. a. decreases, removed, increases, introduced b. decreases, introduced, increases, removed c. increases, removed, increases, introduced d. increases, removed, decreases, introduced

d. increases, removed, decreases, introduced

Two psychologists agree on the diagnosis of personality disorder 82% of the time. Is this adequate? a. yes. anything above 70% agreement is considered adequate b. yes. this is much higher than usual levels of agreement for personality disorder. c. maybe. personality disorder is a stigmatizing label. Agreement really should be higher. d. maybe. Chance agreement needs to be taken into account in evaluating the rate.

d. maybe. Chance agreement needs to be taken into account in evaluating the rate.

d. meaning making

Based on the lecture, the text, and outside readings, which of the following is most accurate? a. mental health professionals agree about the best treatments for different disorders b. mental health professionals agree that medication is only a superficial treatment for problems like depression, which therapy produces long-term change c. mental health professionals agree the most of the effectiveness of psychotherapy is due to common factors, not active ingredients d. mental health professionals disagree about the most effective treatments , whether they produce lasting change, and whether the success of psychotherapy is due to common factors or active ingredients

d. mental health professionals disagree about the most effective treatments , whether they produce lasting change, and whether the success of psychotherapy is due to common factors or active ingredients

Interpretation is a psychoanalyst's main tool for: a. encouraging free association b. overcoming resistance c. maintaining therapeutic neutrality d. promoting insight

d. promoting insight

If I wanted to argue AGAINST using psychostimulants to treat ADHD and that instead we should put more resources into schools, which of the following is NOT a fact I might use to support my argument? a. medication is typically prescribed for when children are in schools but not weekends, holidays etc b. psychostimulants clearly improve children's behavior, but benefits for learning are more uncertain c. psychostimulants have short-term benefits but long-term benefits have not been demonstrated d. psychostimulants lead to drug abuse e. all of the above are facts that could be used to argue against psychostimulants

d. psychostimulants lead to drug abuse

Two clinical psychologists each interview and diagnose a group of patients. The extent to which they agree on the diagnosis of each patient is a measure of the: a. validity b. coverage c. inclusiveness d. reliability

d. reliability

What is the central problem in paraphilias? a. excessive sexual desire b. psychological problems prevent normal sexual desire c. the individual feels no guilt about their behavior d. sexual arousal is detached from a reciprocal, loving adult relationship

d. sexual arousal is detached from a reciprocal, loving adult relationship

d. simply too complicated

Which of the following is NOT true about medications in treating schizophrenia? a. antipsychotic medication is the primary treatment, and is quite effective in alleviating positive symptoms b. continued use of antipsychotic medications can reduce relapse rates, but many patients do not take their medication c. prolonged use of antipsychotic medication can lead to severe, irreversible motor symptoms d. so-called "second generation" antipsychotic medications are more effective in alleviating negative symptoms, but more likely to produce tardive dyskinesia e. None of the above are false

d. so-called "second generation" antipsychotic medications are more effective in alleviating negative symptoms, but more likely to produce tardive dyskinesia

The percentage of patients who commit acts of violences is highest among patients with which type of disorder? a. schizophrenia b. major depression c. bipolar depression d. substance abuse/disorder

d. substance abuse/disorder

What is the current consensus regarding the relationship between ADHD and ODD? a. the two disorders are basically the same b. ADHD tends to resolve itself over time; ODD is more often a lifelong problem c. ADHD is often an outgrowth of ODD d. the two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

d. the two are separate but highly comorbid disorders

How does the DSM5 classify childhood disorders? a. they are coded as neurodevelopment disorders b. they are divided into internalizing and externalizing disorders c. They are classified as Psychological Disorders of Childhood d. there is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions or various disorders are now grouped with the related adult diagnoses

d. there is no longer a separate classification for childhood disorders; childhood versions or various disorders are now grouped with the related adult diagnoses

d. type A behavior pattern

In 2010, Teresa Lewis was executed in Virginia for being a "mastermind" in a plot to kill her husband (her friends carried it out). Her tested IQ was 72. Based on a 2014 Supreme Court Ruling in Hall v Florida, her case may have reached a different outcome today because the Supreme Court ruled: a. the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment for someone with an intellectual disability b. because of the potential for manipulation, the death penalty can only be applied if a defendant with a borderline IQ directly commits a murder c. Only testimony by the defendant's expert witness can be included in trial d. when someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

d. when someone's IQ is in the 70-75 range, a strict cutoff cannot be used to exclude a potential diagnosis of intellectual disability for death penalty considerations

Ten years ago, in the middle of the panic over vaccines and autism, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development offed this cautiously worded statement despite several studies showing no link between vaccines and autism, "There is no evidence to date that the MMR vaccine causes autism." The caution reflects the fact that: a. The science wing of the federal government is prohibited from taking strong positions b. there was strong correlational evidence linking vaccines and autism c. the burden of proof falls on those who disagree with a hypothesis d. you can never accept the null hypothesis

d. you can never accept the null hypothesis

Scientists are now convinced that vaccines do not cause autism, but it is important to revisit this controversy because: a. People are desperate for answers to mental disorders, and this makes them susceptible to false promises b. Bad information is readily available and easily spread, especially in the Internet Age c. You need to understand that the burden of proof falls on the proponent of any hypothesis. You need to prove that your idea is true - I don't need to prove that you are wrong d. All of the above e. A and B only

d.All of the above

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

deactivates enzymes that break down monoamines

Emotional Symptoms of Depression

dejection, decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities, low self-esteem, dysphoric/depressed mood

Depressed Mood

depressed feelings such as of disappointment and despair, but which are not yet necessarily part of a clinical syndrome

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern

Critical Thinking: Strep Infection and OCD

development of PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection) following correlation between strep infection and OCD diagnosis

anxiety

diffuse emotional reaction that is out of proportion to threats from the environment, typically associated with anticipation of FUTURE problems

*DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS*

disorders marked by major changes in memory that do not have clear physical causes

Sleep-Wake Disorders

disorders where sleep is the primary complaint

Psychological Causes/Features of PTSD

dissociation, self-blame, emotional processing via facing trauma, meaning-making

The extended case history of schizophrenia (J & K) illustrated how: a) Helpful improvements in functioning can be achieved with proper medication and coordinated therapeutic support b) The expression of anger (high expressed emotion), while understandable, can exacerbate symptoms c) For some psychological problems, the therapy relationship is unimportant - medication and treatment technology are the keys to success d) All of the above e) A and B only

e) A and B only

Diagnosis of Conversion Disorder

do not consciously want to purposely produce their symptoms. Almost always believe that their symptoms are genuinely medical

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the conclusion that the image of women in popular culture plays a role in the development of eating disorders? a) The disorders are more common in professions in which appearance is highly valued such as models, dancers, and actresses b)The prevalence of eating disorders has increased in recent decades as, in industrialized societies, the image of the ideal woman has grown thinner c) Girls who are exposed more to the popular media have more body dissatisfaction d) The disorders are particularly common among adolescents and young women, ages at which females are more susceptible to media influences e) All of the above

e) All of the above

If I wanted to argue in favor of using psychostimulants to treat ADHD, which of the following is NOT a fact that I might use to support my argument? a) Research shows that medication is effective in up to 70% of cases b) Research shows that medication is significantly more effective than the main psychological alternative, behavior therapy, at least in the short run c) Medication is a relatively inexpensive treatment d) Medication is fast acting e) All of the above are facts that could be used to argue in favor of psychostimulants

e) All of the above are facts that could be used to argue in favor of psychostimulants

Which of the following is NOT a concern about the diagnosis and/or treatment of psychological disorders of childhood? a) parents and children often disagree about the nature (or existence of a child's psychological problem b) parents, teachers, and other adults often disagree about the nature (or existence) of a child's psychological problem c) behavior that is considered "normal" changes with age d) children's behavior is strongly influenced by family, school, and peer contexts e) all of the above are concerns

e) all of the above are concerns

which of the following is an accurate statement about erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a) he divided staged based on key developments in sexuality b) he included development doing both childhood and adult life c) he defined each stage with a central conflict d) he argued that fixation at an early stage was a key problem in coping with developmental transitions e) b & c

e) b & c

In lecture, I argued that Freud was wrong in the details, but you should still know about his psychoanalytic theory because: A. his ideas have had a major influence on Western culture b. when viewed as broad metaphors, there is much that may be right about Freudian theory c. He offered a very specific, testable theory that generated scientific research d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

The New York Times video (required) on the treatment of Sybil, the famous case of multiple personality disorder, noted that her therapist: a. Used hypnotic drugs while searching for hidden personalities b. Searched for and suggested memories of childhood trauma c. Admitted to exaggeration once public hysteria about multiple personalities grew d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

The increase in the diagnosis of autism in the last two decades corresponded with the introduction and growing use of GMOs. But your extra reading and lecture pointed out that: a. correlation doesn't mean causation b. The increased diagnosis is largely or fully attributable to looser diagnostic criteria c. Scientists are not interested in exploring untested questions d. All of the above e. A and B only

e. A and B only

Which of the following sexual problems was considered for inclusion in the DSM5 but ultimately NOT included? a. Hypersexual disorder b. gender dysphoria c. rape d. all of the above e. A and C only

e. A and C only

Which of the following is NOT thought to contribute to the risk of depression? a. stressful life events b. troubled relationships c. cognitive distortions d. genetic risk factors e. All of the above are thought to contribute to depression

e. All of the above are thought to contribute to depression

According to the text, which of the following is a disadvantage of the clinical interview? a. some people may be unwilling to provide rational accounts b. people may be reluctant to discuss embarrassing or frightening experiences c. Information is subjective and potentially distorted d. Interviewers can influence their client's accounts e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

Which of the following is NOT true of alcohol consumption? a. Males and females metabolize alcohol at different rates b. metabolism of alcohol is affected by body weight c. The US Department of Health and Human Services defines moderate drinking as consuming one alcoholic beverage a day for women and two for men d. Binge drinking is defined as consuming 5 alcoholic beverages in a short amount of time (a couple of hours) e. All of the above are true

e. All of the above are true

Professors turn test averages into letter grades. Some set stricter cutoffs; some are more lenient. This is analogous to what important point(s) about the diagnosis of mental disorders: a. Mental disorders are qualitatively different from normal behavior b. Abnormal behavior differs from normal behavior only by a matter of degree c. The cutoff for diagnosing a mental disorder can be rather arbitrary d. All of the above e. B and C only

e. B and C only

Which of the following is an accurate statement about Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a. he divided stages based on key developments in sexuality b. he included development during both childhood and adult life c. he defined each stage with a central conflict d. he argued that fixation at an early stage was a key problem in coping with developmental disorders e. B and C only

e. B and C only

Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)

form of anxiety disorder characterized by extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations

The New York Times magazine article, "Selling Attention Deficit Disorder" (extra reading) attributed the increased use of psychostimulant medication in the treatment of ADHD (ADD) to: a. broadened definitions of ADHD in children b. drug company marketing to prescribing physicians c. drug company marketing to parents d. increased diagnosis of adult ADHD e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is NOT a concern about the diagnosis and/or treatment of psychological disorders of childhood? a. parents and children often disagree about the nature or existence of a child's psychological problem b. parents, teachers, and other adults often disagree about the nature or existence of a child's psychological problem c. behavior that is considered "normal" changes with age d. children's behavior is strongly influenced by family, school and peer contexts e. all of the above are concerns

e. all of the above are concerns

If I wanted to argue IN FAVOR of using psychostimulants to treat ADHD, which of the following is NOT a fact that I might use to support my argument? a. research shows that medication is effective in up to 70% of cases b. research shows that medication is significantly more effective than the main psychological alternative, behavioral therapy, at least in the short run c. medication is a relatively inexpensive treatment d. medication is fast acting e. all of the above are facts that can be used in favor of psychostimulants

e. all of the above are facts that can be used in favor of psychostimulants

Which of the following statements has research clearly demonstrated to be true? a. dissociation is an adaptive psychological defense b. multiple personality disorders do not exist but are created through role playing c. recovered memories never are accurate d. all of the above are true e. none of the above

e. none of the above

Hypomania

episode of increased energy that is not sufficiently severe to qualify as full-blown manic episode

Case Study: Enduring Trauma of Sexual Assault - Stephanie

escaped sexual assualt situtation, following the incident became hypervigilant (attentive to new threats), re-experienced the situation repeatedly; testified in trial, found purpose in sharing her story with others, still experiences exaggerated responses to unexpected noises

Stress (difficulty defining it)

event that creates physiological or psychological strain for the individual. Can either be defined as event or as response to event (this may lead to circular reasoning)

Diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

excessive anxiety under most circumstances and worry about practically anything

Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

exposure and response prevention: clients are repeatedly exposed to objects or situations that produce anxiety, obsessive fears, and compulsive behaviors, but they are told to resist performing the behaviors they feel so bound to perform.

*SOMATOFORM DISORDERS*

facetious disorder, conversion disorder, somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder

Diagnosis of Malingering

factitious disorder

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

feel restless, keyed up, or on edge; tire easily; have difficulty concentrating; suffer from muscle tension; and have sleep problems

Treatment of Conversion Disorder

focus on the causes, address the physical symptoms, employ suggestion, take a confrontational approach to try to force patients out of the sick role

Treatments of Somatic Symptom Disorder

focus on the causes, address the physical symptoms, employ suggestion, take a confrontational approach to try to force patients out of the sick role

Bipolar II Disorder

form of bipolar disorder in which the person has experienced at least one episode of major depression and at least one hypomanic episode

Biological Causes of PTSD

genetic contributions differ across symptoms; genes contribute strongly to arousal symptoms and least strongly to re-experiencing

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

group of diseases of the heart that includes angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack)

psychotic features specifier

hallucinations and delusions either consistent or inconsistent with patient's mood

test

test 1

hi 2

secondary hypertension

high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease (like kidney disease or endocrine disorder)

anxious apprehension

high levels of diffuse negative emotion, a sense of uncontrollability, and a shift in attention to a primary self-focus or a state of self-preoccupation

Related OCD disorders

hoarding, trichotillomania (hair pulling), and excoriation (skin picking)

Treatment of Dissociative Disorders

hypnotic therapy, injections of barbiturates "truth serums"

Diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder

if symptoms occur within four weeks of the traumatic event and last for less than a month

*SECONDARY GAINS*

in psychodynamic theory, the gain achieved when somatic symptoms elicit kindness from others or provide an excuse to avoid unpleasant activities

*PRIMARY GAINS*

in psychodynamic theory, the gain achieved when somatic symptoms keep internal conflicts out of awareness

*STRESS DISORDERS*

includes acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder

*MALINGERING*

intentionally faking illness to achieve some external gains, such as financial compensation or military deferment

Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorder

longer-lasting but less dramatic than those found in conversion disorder

Diagnosis of Dissociative Amnesia

loss of memory due to an upsetting event

Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders

memory loss

Mood Disorders

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature

Bipolar Disorder

mood disorder in which one experiences both manic and depressed episodes

somatic symptom disorder

mood disorders where symptoms are related to basic physiological or bodily functions (including fatigue, pains, serious changes in appetite and sleep patterns)

course specifiers

more extensive descriptions of the pattern that the disorder follows over time

Symptoms of Dissociative Fugue

more extroverted

episode specifiers

more specific descriptions of symptoms that were present during the most recent episode of depression

Frequency of Trauma, PTSD, and ASD

most common response to trauma is resilience; women more likely to develop PTSD following trauma,

Behavioral medicine and health psychology

multidisciplinary field concerned with studying and treating the behavioral components of physical illness

Symptoms of Conversion Disorder

neurological-like symptoms that have no neurological basis, symptoms may be at odds with the way the nervous system is known to work.

factitious disorder

nonexistent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked because of a desire to assume sick role; different from malingering in that it is not done for any external gain (such as receiving disability checks)

Symptoms of Illness Anxiety Disorder

normal bodily changes that are misinterpreted

Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

obsessions cause intense anxiety while the compulsion are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety, and anxiety rises when individuals try to resist their obsessions or compulsions.

Diagnosis of Factitious Disorder

often go to extremes to create the appearance of illness

Diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder

one subpersonality takes center stage and dominates the person's functioning

hysteria

outdated but influential diagnostic category included both somatoform and dissociative disorders; means 'uterus' and reflects ancient speculation that it was restricted to women and caused by frustrated sexual desires.

Symptoms of Panic Disorder

panic attacks (periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within 10 minutes, and gradually pass) Dysfunctional changes in their thinking or behavior

Symptoms of Phobias

people become fearful if they even think about the object or situation they dread, but they usually remain comfortable as long as they avoid it or thoughts about it.

Diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

people who become deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance

Diagnosis of Illness Anxiety Disorder

people who experience chronic anxiety about their health and are convinced that they have or are developing a serious medical illness, despite the absence of symptoms

Cognitive Causes of Anxiety Disorders

perception of control, catastrophic misinterpretation, attention to threat and biased information processing

Somatic Symptoms

physical or bodily symptoms

Secondary Prevention of CVD

positive behavior al changes like weight reduction, decreased alcohol consumption, reduced intake of salt, behavior therapy and biofeedback

Trends of Anxiety Disorders

prevalence - is the most common mental disorder, SAD is most common among the types comorbidity - more than 50% of people w/ anxiety disorder also meet criteria for other mood disorders or another type of anxiety disorder; commonly comorbid with depressive disorders gender differences - rates higher for women than men age differences - agoraphobia is only anxiety disorder that has any noticeable frequency later in life cross-cultural comparisons - non-western cultures typically define anxiety disorders in terms of somatic symptoms whereas in western societies anxiety is often experienced in relation to work performance other cultures may be more concerned with family or religious issues

Primary Prevention of CVD

prevention through disseminating knowledge, promoting health behaviors

Dexamethasone suppression test (DST)

proposed (and FAILED) biological test for depression, too non specific; a result of the association between HPA (hypothalamic-pituatary-adrenal) axis and depression

Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder

psychological debriefing, or critical incident stress debriefing

Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

psychological debriefing, or critical incident stress debriefing

What are some possible treatments for OCD and related disorders?

rTMS Medications CBT

Dissociative Fugue

rare dissociative disorder characterized by sudden and unplanned travel, the inability to remember details about the past, and confusion regarding identity or the assumption of a new identity; onset typically follows traumatic event

Treatment of Munchausen by Proxy

removal of the parent, usually jail

Symptoms of Factitious Disorder

research their supposed aliments and are impressively knowledgeable about medicine. Many eagerly undergo painful testing or treatment, even surgery. when confronted with evidence that their symptoms are factitious, they typically deny the charges and leave the hospital; they may enter another hospital the same day

Social Causes of Bipolar Disorder

schedule-disrupting (depressive) and goal-attainment events (mania); emotional climate within families (less social support = higher likelihood of relapse and vice versa)

Dissociation

separation of mental processes such as memory or consciousness that normally are integrated. Normal dissociative experiences - fleeting feelings of unreality, deja vu experiences. Extreme dissociative experiences - dissociative fugue (sudden travel) and dissociative identity disorder (DID; multiple personality disorder)

Social Causes of Depression

severe life events, especially those associated with feelings of humiliation, entrapment, and defeat; magnitude of stress/stress generation (goes both ways); experiencing major losses of important people or roles

Melancholia

severe type of depression, described in terms of loss of pleasure, lack of reactivity to activities that are normally pleasurable

Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

severely limit contact with other people, be unable to look others in the eye, or go to great lengths to conceal their "defects", plastic surgery sometimes

Types of Anxiety Disorders

specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

statistical significance vs. clinical significance

statistical significance - result has low probability of having occurred by chance alone (p = .05) differs from clinical significance in that emphasizes kind of change and amount of change, concerned with patients quality of life and overall satisfaction

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Dissociative Amnesia

sudden ability to recall extensive and important personal information; sudden onset, often in response to trauma or extreme stress

panic attack

sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying

Diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

symptoms may begin either shortly after the traumatic event or months or years afterward

Tertiary Prevention of CVD

targets patients who have already had a cardiac event, recommends excercise programs, alter/modify type A behavior, focus of effects on heart disease on life stress

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

the biological system responsible for the stress response; involves communication and feedback between organs of endocrine system (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands)

*ANXIETY DISORDERS*

the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a vague sense of threat or danger

Iatrogenesis

the creation of a disorder by an attempt to treat it

preparedness model

the notion that organisms are biologically prepared, on the basis of neural pathways in their central nervous systems, to learn certain types of associations

Diagnosis of Munchausen by Proxy

the parent seems to be so devoted and caring that others sympathize with and admire her, the physical problems disappear when the child and parent are separated. in many cases siblings of the sick child have also been victimized

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

the virus that causes AIDS; leaves patient susceptible to infection, neurological complications, and cancers that rarely affect those with normal immune function

Course and Outcome of Anxiety Disorders

this category of disorder is often chronic, some people do recover completely others do not, frequency of panic attacks tend to decrease with age, but agoraphobic avoidance tends to remain stable; in patients with GAD worries may be replaced by physical symptom complaints

Treatments of Illness Anxiety Disorder

treatments that are applied to obsessive compulsive disorder, antidepressant drugs, exposure and response prevention

logitudinal study

type of research design in which subjects are studied over a period of time (different from cross-sectional approach in which subjects are only studied at one point in time); they attempt to establish whether hypothesized causes precede their putative effects in time.

Symptoms of Dissociative Amnesia

unable to recall important information, usually of an upsetting nature, about their lives, significant distress or impairment, symptoms are not attributable to a substance or medical problem

tend and befriend (Shelly Taylor)

under stress, people (especially WOMEN) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)

unusual dissociative disorder characterized by existence of two or more distinct personalities in a single individual; these personalities take control over the person's behavior and some have limited or no memory of the other

prospective design

using early measures (causes) to predict later outcomes (hypothesized effects)

Heritability

variability in behavioral characteristic that is accounted for by genetic factors

Divided Memories Documentary (repressed/recovered false(?) memory)

video regarding differing views concerning recovery of memories of childhood sexual abuse and advocation for or rejection towards the organization supporting individuals who experienced this.

Diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

when obsessions or compulsions feel excessive or unreasonable, cause great distress, take up much time, or interfere with daily functions.

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