Psychology exam 2

The average IQ score is

100

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around

12 mos old

An IQ score of 70 would be described as

2 standard deviations below the mean

The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by

Alfred Binet

________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school

Alfred Binet

The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by

David Wechsler

________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.

David Wechsler

How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?

Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.

Which is the dependent variable in Jessica Witt's study?

The size of the circle drawn by the participant and the number of successful putts.

Which is the independent variable in Jessica Witt's study?

The size of the holes projected around the golf hole.

Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where. This is an example of

absentmindedness

Jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing ________ encoding.

acoustic

The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

amplitude

When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.

amygdala

Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.

analytical

Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?

anterograde

n the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called

audience design

The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.

auditory canal

Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the ________.

basilar membrane; cochlea

The organ of Corti on the ________ within the ________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve

basilar membrane; cochlea

When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should

be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.

If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called

bias

Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence does he exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of

divergent thinking

Thinking outside of the box is considered

divergent thinking

Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?

dysgraphia

Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?

dyslexia

Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.

emotional

Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly rememberd the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the

encoding specificity principle

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores.

Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.

explicit

Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are

explicit memories

Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to

explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception.

The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as

false memory syndrome

________ is the recall of false autobiographical memories.

false memory syndrome

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.

flashbulb memory

As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.

fluid

Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence.

fluid

Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves.

frequency

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?

gestalt

Define originality.

having a low probability, unique

Lewis Termin did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.

high

Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together

higher correlation

The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as

hindsight bias

H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________.

hippocampus

Jessica Witt's study tested

how the perception of the size of a golf hole affects golfing performance.

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.

ingroups and outgroups

Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?

interpersonal

About 2% of the population have

iqs above 130 and below 70

Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?

jake and jack

A bell curve relies on a ________ sample.

large

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

lexicon

Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

Chinese speakers

may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.

If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?

mechanoreceptors

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of

mechanoreceptors

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as

memory

Confusing the source of information is called

misattribution

Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.

proactive

Ezra got a new phone number, but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of ________ interference.

proactive

________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.

proactive; retroactive

Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of

procedural memory

Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She. can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of

proprioception

According to research by Rosenblum, Miller, and Sanchez, watching (but not hearing) a person speak enables you to

recognize their voice.

Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to stay, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.

retrograde; anterograde

Explicit memories include ________ and episodic memory.

semantic

Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the three types of encoding?

semantic, acoustic, and visual

Which part of the ear is most involved in motion and balance?

semicircular canal

Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.

sensory

Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.

sensory

Congenital deafness is

something someone is born with

If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will

sound loud

Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.

students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.

syntax

If your eyes see someone saying "ball" but the word you hear is "doll", the struggle to make sense of that information in your brain is consistent with

the McGurk effect

Austin has never met one of his work colleagues, having only interacted online or on the phone. He's still able to pick out his coworker at a conference in a room full of people because of

the crossmodal relationship between auditory speech and visual information.

If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of

the misinformation effect

According to Gestalt psychology

the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

The findings from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggested that

there is a genetic component to intelligence

What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?

they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.

What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?

they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles.

A sound's purity is called its

timbre

Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of

transience

When a memory fades over time, it is called

transience

When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was

unable to form new semantic memories

It something is original, it is ...

unique

In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original,...

useful, and surprising

Multi-modal perception is the idea that

various sensory modalities are integrated.

raden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense was impacted by the ride?

vastibular

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions.

The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.

Flynn effect

Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered

chemical senses

Sierra turns off her car right before the last line of chorus of a popular song. Moments later while inside the store, she finds herself singing the last line. This exemplifies the gestalt principle of

closure

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share ________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

common ground

Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.

creative

London remembers a time when she was young when she got lost in a department store and couldn't find her mom. When talking to her family about it, they corrected her memory and said that it was actually her sister who was lost, and that she had just been present. Over time, the source of her original memory became confused. This is an example of

misattribution

When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called

misattribution

________ is confusing the source of information.

misattribution

Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

misinformation effect paradigm

Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the

motivation-decision model

The idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as

multi-modal perception

Esther has an ear for music and can play songs on the piano she has only heard once before. She has high ________ intelligence.

musical

Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________.

olfactory bulb

How did the perceived hole size affect the putting performance of participants?

participants putted better when they perceived the hole as larger.

The most visible part of the ear is the

pinna

Which correctly describes the process of hearing?

pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve

The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.

place

Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

practical

Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with, "Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he's some other where." To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE; This is not Romeo, he's some OTHER WHERE." He is utilizing principles of ________ encoding.

visual

Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors are either red, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain

why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests

Learning disabilities often affect children

with average to above-average intelligence

At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the

with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage.

If you are in a crowded room at a noisy party having a conversation with an interesting new acquaintance, studies show that if you are looking at him while talking,

you are more likely to hear what he is saying.

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school