Psychology Exam 2 Review
What is a concept?
categories or groupings of information
What is learning?
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
Two forms of associative learning are ____________ and _________.
classical, operant
What is schema?
cluster or collection of related concepts
What is an artificial concept?
concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics
Skinner believed behavior was motivated by _____________.
consequences
What is a mental set?
continually using an old solution to a problem without results
_________________ the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions and possibilities.
creativity
What are the two types of intelligence according to Cattell?
crystalized and fluid
__________________ intelligence is characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
crystallized
What is the availability heuristic?
making decision based on something readily available to you even if it isn't the best example
What is a cognitive map?
mental picture of the layout of the environment
What are the pitfalls to problem-solving?
mental set, functional fixedness, biases
What is a heuristic?
mental short to solve problems
What is Gardner's theory called?
multiple intelligences theory
What is acquisition?
period of initial learning
What is a model in observational learning?
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example
What are the three parts of Sternberg's intelligence model?
practical, analytical, creative
What is divergent thinking?
thinking outside the box
What are strategies of problem-solving?
trial and error, algorithm, heuristic
What is observational learning?
type of learning that occurs by watching others
What is functional fixedness?
type of mental set in which you can't see an objecting as anything other than what it was designed for
What is representative bias?
unintentional stereotyping of someone or something
What is instinct?
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior
What is a reflex?
unlearned, automatic response to a stimulus
What compromises emotional intelligence?
interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence
What is classical conditioning?
learning in which the stimulus occurs before the behavior, then gets paired
A specific formula for solving a problem is called _________________. a. an algorithm b. a heuristic c. a mental set d. trial and error
A
Extinction occurs when _______________. a. the condition stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus c. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus d. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus
A
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ___________. a. shaping b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
A
What is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? a. attention, retention, reproduction, motivation b. motivation, attention, reproduction, retention c. attention, motivation, retention, reproduction d. motivation, attention, retention, reproduction
A
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's multiple intelligence? a. creative b. spatial c. linguistic d. musical
A
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem? a. anchoring bias b. confirmation bias c. representative bias d. availability bias
A
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called _______________. a. an algorithm b. a heuristic c. a mental set d. trial and error
B
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) _____________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned response
B
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ______________. a. human development b. human thinking c. human behavior d. human behavior
B
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that _______. a. is innate b. occurs as a result of experience c. is found only in humans d. occurs by observing others
B
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval
B
The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a __________. a. teacher b. model c. instructor d. coach
B
When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most? a. practical b. analytical c. emotional d. creative
B
Which of the 9 are not one of Garden's intelligence models? a. linguistic b. analytical c. interpersonal d. intrapersonal e. naturalist f. logical-mathematical g. musical h. spatial i. bodily-kinesthetic
B
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team? a. the equipment manager b. the scorekeeper c. the team captain d. the quietest member of the team
B
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept? a. mammals b. a triangle's area c. gemstones d. teachers
B
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? a. food b. money c. water d. sex
B
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? a. child riding a bike b. teen socializing c. infant sucking on a nipple d. toddler walking
C
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Goleman b. Gardner c. Sternberg d. Steitz
C
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision? a. anchoring bias b. confirmation bias c. representative bias d. availability bias
C
Who proposed observational learning? a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Watson c. Albert Bandura d. B.F. Skinner
C
_______________ Bias focuses only on info that confirms bias/existing beliefs.
Confirmation
An event schema is also known as a cognitive __________. a. stereotype b. concept c. script d. prototype
D
Fluid intelligence is characterized by _________________. a. being able to recall information b. being able to create new products c. being able to understand and communicate with different cultures d. being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
D
In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they _______________. a. ignored the doll b. played nicely with the doll c. played with tinker toys d. kicked and threw the doll
D
In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ___________. a. higher order conditioning b. acquisition c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization
D
In __________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. a. associative learning b. observational learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning
D
________________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment
D
What is latent learning?
learning that occurs, but may not be evident until a reason to demonstrate it
Two types of schema.
Event schema, role schema
___________ _________ reinforcement schedule is when a set number of responses must occur before the behavior is rewarded.
Fixed ratio
Skinner's beliefs were based on ________________________.
Law of Effect
Two types of concepts.
Natural and artificial
What did Skinner use for experiments?
Skinner Box
Who divided intelligence into two components?
Raymond Cattell
Who believed in three different intelligences?
Robert Sternberg
_______ schema makes assumptions about how individuals in a certain role will behave.
Role
Who came up with the law of effect?
Thorndike
Who came up with latent learning?
Tolman
What is Sternberg's theory called?
Triarchic theory of intelligence
What is stimulus discrimination?
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
What is analytical intelligence?
academic problem solving and computation
What are the biases of problem solving?
anchoring, confirmation, hindsight, representative
What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
behavior rewarded after a set amount of time
What is hindsight bias?
belief that the event just experienced was predictable
What is a prototype?
best representation of a concept
What is stimulus generalization?
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
What did Howard Gardner believe?
each person has at least 8 intelligences.
What did Charles Spearman believe?
intelligence consisted of one general factor, g, that could be measured and compared among individuals
What is an example of fluid intelligence?
finding your way home on an unfamiliar route
Which intelligence is the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems?
fluid
What is associate learning?
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together
Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining _____________________.
how people think
What is creative intelligence?
imaginative and innovative problem solving
Edward Tolman believed that organisms can learn without _______________ ________________.
immediate reinforcement
What is vicarious reinforcement?
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
What is convergent thinking?
providing correct or established answers to problems
Vicarious ________________ is the process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior.
punishment
What is an example of an algorithm?
recipe
Concepts are informed by ____________ ____________.
semantic memory
What is a fixed ratio?
set amount of responses
What is event schema?
set of behavior that are performed routinely
What is practical intelligence?
street smarts and common sense
What is an anchoring bias?
tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decision
What is habituation?
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change