Psychology Exam 2

Anna is pessimistic and believes that her life will never get better and her problems will only get worse. She is experiencing

hopelessness

How does a biological predisposition to PTSD originate?

It can be either inherited genetically or acquired in childhood

Which is the MOST accurate statement about the effects of marijuana in chronic male users?

It causes lower sperm count in some men.

A person took a drug 90 minutes ago. Now the person sits alone quietly, looking at a tree with brilliant purple leaves and intensely listening to the sap running in that tree. The person MOST likely took the drug:

LSD

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:

learned helplessness

Your aunt says, "I know I'm depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is

making ruminative responses

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their own power, is characteristic of

mania

One of the nutraceuticals shown to be frequently helpful in treating unipolar depression is

St John's wort

A diagnostic criterion for posttraumatic stress disorder is the presence of significant distress or impairment for:

more than one month

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi, either. This is called a:

mutually amnesic relationship

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, were those who lived:

near New York City

What makes electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effective in treating unipolar depression?

The reasons for ECT's effectiveness are not well understood

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

In research on suicide, abnormal serotonin levels and a dysfunctional depression-related brain circuit seem MOST related to:

aggression

Susan deliberately overdoses on pills in an attempt at suicide, but her attempt at suicide does not succeed. This suicide attempt is called a:

parasuicide

The "high" produced by using narcotics is due to the drug:

attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins

Opioid antagonists can produce withdrawal symptoms. Opioid antagonists that produce less severe withdrawal are:

partial antagonists

People in an occupation with a particularly high rate of suicide are

police officers

Someone who experiences four or more alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as having:

bipolar II rapid cycling

Mood-stabilizing drugs have been found to increase the production of:

brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?

cocaine

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called _____ disorder

cyclothymic

One distinction that DSM-5-TR makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on the:

duration of anxiety symptoms

When answering the telephone of a suicide hotline, the first step for the counselor is to

establish a positive relationship

When alcohol concentration reaches _____ of a person's blood by volume, that individual has reached a state of intoxication.

.09 percent

What group is MOST at risk for suicide?

American Indian males

According to current estimates, the suicide rate in the United States is highest among which ethnicity?

American Indians

Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia occur in response to

feelings of demoralization

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can damage the developing embryo and fetus, resulting in:

fetal alcohol syndrome

The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system route and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are termed the:

fight or flight response

Genetic linkage studies have found an abnormal form of a gene for which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

D2

Shayla stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience:

headaches, depressed feelings, and "crashing."

When cognitive-behavioral therapy is successful, a series of short, follow-up "booster" sessions months later is often conducted. What is this phase of treatment called

preventive cognitive therapy

What factor is thought to account for variations in suicide rates among different countries?

religious affiliation and beliefs

Which disorder is most commonly a factor in suicide attempts?

severe depressive or bipolar disorder

Which structure is part of the depression-related brain circuit but not part of circuits that contribute to anxiety disorders and PTSD

subgenual cingulate

The long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:

substance use disorder

When Kelly was in a passenger plane, he watched as all four engines quit at once, and then he saw the plane explode. From 5,000 feet in the air, he landed, severely injured, in deep snow in a heavily wooded area. When he regained consciousness several weeks later, he had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and he could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to his extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was:

the severity of the trauma

Women have higher rates of PTSD than men. Many researchers attribute this to:

the types of violent traumas women experience

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?

they are triggered by traumatic events