Psychology Exam 3 Book Questions

The light sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the:

retina

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

Any event or object that evokes a response is called a(n) _____.

stimulus

Scientists have found that nicotine can be passsed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a:

teratogen

In the three or four years preceding death, negative emotions become more prevalent and intellectual declines accelerate. This is called _____.

terminal decline

To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This BEST illustrates that moral judgments may possibly reflect:

unconscious decision making

Although it is unknown if one must buy 1, 10, or 100 scratch-off lottery tickets to get a winning ticket, it is probable that if one keeps buying, eventually one will get a winner. In fact, maybe the very next ticket will be a winner. Therefore, buying scratch-off lottery tickets is reinforced according to a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Whereas classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior.

voluntary

Although not yet aware of her pregnancy, Mrs. Enriquez has conceived a single cell from the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell. This single cell is called a

zygote

In classical conditioning, extinction of the learned response involves _____; whereas in operant conditioning, extinction of a learned response involves _____.

a decrease in the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone; a decrease in responding when reinforcement stops

A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:

a theory of mind.

The ability to change one's mental frameworks on the basis of new information and experiences

accomidation

One primary cause of alzheimers seems to be the deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

In using operant conditioning principles to train animals to perform tricks, Keller and Marian Breland found that:

an animal's inborn or instinctive behavior patterns could interfere with the operant conditioning of new behaviors.

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

cognition

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n) _____ stimulus.

conditioned

Improved judgement, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of

development of the frontal lobe

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____.

frontal lobe; limbic system

Marcia is 48. She has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Incorrect: integrity. integrity.

generativeity

represents Erik Erikson's third stage of psychosocial development for children aged 3 to 6.

initiative; guilt

Behavior that produces consequences is called _____ behavior.

operant

The brain becomes fully mature at what age?

22-25 years old

From ages _____ to _____, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes, which enables rational planning.

3; 6; frontal

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others around her age. What age range is Margaret likely in?

75 to 80

Within the first week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to _____. In other words, the cells begin to specialize in structure and function.

Differentiate

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking is known as fetal _____ syndrome.

alcohol

The wear and tear of telomeres is accelerated by all of the following EXCEPT: stress, alcohol consumption, obesity, and smoking

alcohol consumption

With respect to parenting style, coercive is to confrontative as _____ is to _____.

authoritarian; authoritative

a child develops an ability to think logically and to make rational judgments about concrete or observable phenomena, which in the past he or she needed to manipulate physically to understand.

concrete operational though

Babies that sleep on their backs will have a delay in

crawling

Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.

earlier;later

the incomplete differentiation of hte self and the world, and the tendency to perceive, understand, and interpret the world in terms of self

egocentrism

Piaget says during the ____ stage of cognitive development, abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal operational

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity; stagnation

developmental psychologists seek to understand

growth and change across the lifespan

Research has shown that among American couples that live together before marriage, there are:

higher rates of divorce

some baby animals form a rigid attachment known as ____.

imprinting

Madison has a job, a cat named Morris, and 32 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Madison is in the stage of development called _____ versus isolation.

intimacy

With respect to adolescence, biology determines

its beginning, but not its end.

The years after age 65 are known as _____ adulthood.

late

The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.

modeling

Genes versus experience is another way of referring to the _____ debate.

nature and nurture.

In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus elicits no response before conditioning begins.

neutral

the understanding that objects continue to exist evn when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

object permanence

What marks the beginning of adolescence?

physical signs of sexual maturation

Critics have argued that Kohlberg's _____ stage is culturally defined because it seems to appear in individualistic nations more often than in collectivistic nations.

postconventional

Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believed that it is fundamentally wrong to take human life. He was willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning.

postconventional

reasoning is driven by a concern for basic rights and universal ethical principles.

postconventional

moral reasoning is abstract using universal ethical principles; laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws.

postconventional morality

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

refers to not adopting or internalizing society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focusing largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.

preconventional morality

Challenge this Question Preoperational children know that objects exist even when they are not visible. They can also:

pretend that one object is another

the period of sexual maturation

puberty

As adults age, they show the greatest declines in the memory capacities needed to _____ recently _____ information

recall; presented meaningless

The developmental psychologist ______ proposed that children develop basic trust, the sense that the world is fundamentally predictable and reliavle

Erik Erikson

Meena and several classmates are participating in a debate concerning continuity versus stages in development. Meena's task is to support stage theories. Which of these points is Meena LEAST likely to make in the debate?

Most contemporary developmental psychologists are stage theorists.

Sara just found out that her sister conceived about seven days ago. She rushes to find a book on pregnancy so that she can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.

Kendra is a 20-month-old baby who is still crawling. She has not started to walk yet. What would her pediatrician likely say to her mother?

This is actually rare as most babies are walking by the time they are 15 months of age.

the removal of an aversive stimulus during operant conditioning

a negative reinforcer

reasoning is based on the goals of maintaining social order and gaining social approval.

conventional

The study of continuity and change over the life span is the subject of the field of_____ psychology.

developmental

An introductory psychology student expresses an interest in growth and change during childhood and adolescence. Which psychology course should the student consider taking next semester?

developmental psychology

Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is MOST likely that she will:

have less difficulty with the French accent.

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is MOST likely to display signs of:

insecure attachment

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of:

integrity

_____ learning is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.

latent

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called _____.

learning

The orderly sequence of biological growth

maturation

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

mirror

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes

For most adolescents, the MOST important people in their lives are their

peers

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

An example of prospective memory is:

remembering to buy bread at the store

Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.

role confusion

The mental framework that organizes and interprets information as described by Piaget

schema

an emotional bond between the primary caregiver and child that leads to less stress and greater trust

secure attachment

In Piaget's theory, grasping the notion of object permanence marks the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage.

sensorimotor; preoperational

Juan Carlo's son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. JC and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggresive streak. This example represents?

the stability side of the stability and change development issue.

the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from ones own

theory of mind

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the MOST helpful thing a person can do for a frightened infant or child?

touch or hold her