Psychology Exam 4

Regarding the difference between normal and abnormal behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The difference between normal and abnormal is often a matter of degree

Social cognition is to ______ as social influence is to ________.

The mental processes people use to make sens of their social environments' the effects of situational factors and other people on an individual's behavior

One important reason some psychologists are skeptical of dissociative identity disorder is that:

The number of reported cases has increased dramatically in recent decades.

Natalie suggests that the aggressiveness of her brother's new friend is the result of his friend's low self-esteem. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of:

an attribution

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale:

Attempts to quantify and rank the impact of stress-producing events in a person's life

An individual's false belief that outside forces such as aliens, the government, or random people, have power over him and can influence and manipulate his actions or thoughts is called a delusion of:

Being controlled

"Hal got hit by a car when he was jogging? Really? Well, it does not surprise me," Erin commented. "He never wears reflective gear, so I bet the driver could not even see him." Erin's response illustrates an attributional pattern called:

Blaming the victim

In which of the following scenarios are people MOST likely to help another person?

Carla's car will not restart and partially blocks the exit drive as her fellow employees are walking to their own cars.

The acronym DSM-IV-TR stands for:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Test revision

Approximately ________ percent of those suffering from major depression attempt suicide.

10

Every year in the United States, approximately ______ people commit suicide.

30,000

Statistically, women are _______ to be diagnosed with major depression.

About twice as likely

After twenty minutes of waiting outside the baggage claim area for your friend to pick you up, you decide to go inside the airport terminal and phone her. Standing a short distance from you is a kind-looking older woman. "Would you mind watching my luggage so I can go make a quick phone call?" you ask politely. "I would be happy to watch it for you," she replies, "my ride is not coming for another half-hour." When you return less than five minutes later, the old lady and your luggage (including your laptop) are gone, This example illustrates one of the problems associated with:

An implicit personality theory

Ruth was hospitalized after a concerned co-worker went to her house to find out why Ruth had unexpectedly failed to show up at work. When the co-worker peered through a window, she saw Ruth standing motionless in the middle of her living room, much like a mannequin. Ruth appears to be experiencing the _______ type of schizophrenia.

Catatonic

Stress can indirectly undermine health and physical well-being by:

Causing muscle contractions and elevating blood pressure

After Judy made a choice between two fairly equal alternative, she emphasized the negative features of the choice she rejected, which is called a "sour grapes" rationalization, and she focused on the positive features of the choice she committed to, a "sweet lemons" rationalization. This example illustrates:

Cognitive dissonance

Collectivstic cultures differ from individualistic cultures in that:

Collectivists are more likely to attribute causes of another person's behavior to external, situational factors rather than internal, personal factors

Adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that they match the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people or the norms of a social group or situation is called:

Conformity

Physical attractiveness is:

Correlated with intelligence, happiness, and self-esteem

Kathleen overslept, got caught in rush hour traffic, and was late for work. During lunch she spilled coffee on her clothes. When she left work that afternoon she got caught in a sudden downpour of rain, By the time she arrived home she felt drained, grumpy, and stressed out. Kathleen's present state is the result of the cumulative effect of:

Daily hassles

In terms of daily hassles, what gender differences have been found?

Daily hassles for men most commonly arise from school or work related issues, while daily hassles for women are most commonly associated withe friends and family

After her husband died last year, Sophia moved to a new city, started a new job, and returned to school part time after an absence of ten years. These major events may create a ripple effect and generate a host of _______ that could significantly ______ Sophia's stress level.

Daily hassles; increase

Dennis, a New York City investment broker, quit his job in a fit of rage after being accused of embezzling thousands of dollars of his clients' money. Four months later; the police discovered Dennis driving a cab in Los Angeles. Dennis claimed that his name was actually Micheal Hart, that he had always been a cab drier in Los Angeles, and that he had no knowledge of Dennis. Even after he was positively identified as Dennis, "Micheal Hart" insisted that he was someone else. Assuming that he was not faking his condition to escape arrest, Dennis probably had:

Dissociative Fugue

After carefully considering the pros and cons of each college that had accepted him for admission, Conner decided to attend Blackwater State College. The next day, Conner discovered that three of his closest friends had also decided to attend Blackwater State college. In this example, Conner's behavior:

Does not reflect conformity

Jasmine is a police detective. To cope with her high level of stress, she goes to aerobic classes and works out in the gym for or five times a week. Jasmine is using a(n) _______ coping strategy called ________.

Emotion focused; escape-avoidance

A relatively common symptom in schizophrenia is that the person responds with greatly reduced emotional expressiveness, including facial expressions. This particular symptoms is referred to as:

Flat affect

Abby's husband was critically injured in a car accident. He survived, but Abby had to care for him at home for several months before he was able to regain normal functioning, which was very stressful for Abby. After he was able to return to work, Abby felt completely exhausted. According to Hans Selye, Abby probably experienced the:

General adaption syndrome

Helena has a large network of social relationships that is comforting to her in times of need. However, because relationships tend to be reciprocal, Helena has to respond to many demands placed on her by friends and family. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Helena may find these demands physically and psychologically taxing, especially if any are long term.

Altruism is to ______ as prosocial behavior is to ________.

Helping another person with no expectation of reward; either selfless or self-serving behavior

Most cases of specific phobia involve particular categories of objects or situations. Which of the following are people least likely to have a phobia of?

Household cleaners, such as dishwashing liquid, soap toilet cleaners, mops, and brooms

Nestor belongs to the cross-country ski club at his college but is not a member of the downhill ski club. In terms of basic social categories, Nestor's cross-country club members are the ______, and the members of the downhill ski club are the _______.

In-group; out-group

In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety:

Is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive

Actress Winona Ryder was convicted of felony grand theft for taking more than $5,000 worth of merchandise from a Beverly Hills Saks Fifth Avenue store. People who, like Winona Ryder, have uncontrollable impulses to steal objects even when they have money to pay for the items are said to have:

Kleptomania

People in the _______ socioeconomic levels of society tend to have the _______ levels of psychological distress, illness, and death.

Lowest; highest

Bipolar disorder used to be officially called ______, and is often referred to by that term.

Manic depression

Before leaving her home, Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything 17 times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Margaret probably has:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

For the third time in two months, Erica's husband rushed her to the hospital emergency room because Erica thought she was having a heart attack. Her symptoms included a racing, pounding hear, weakness, feeling faint, and feeling as if she were unable to breathe. Although her doctor says she is physically healthy, Erica lives in fear of another attack. Erica most likely has:

Panic disorder

The most common type of schizophrenia is the _______ type.

Paranoid

After Micheal studied the chapter on social psychology, he decided to try and experiment. He wanted to see how people on a half-empty bus would react if he politely asked someone to move so he could have a particular seat. But when Micheal boarded the bus, he found he was just too embarrassed to carry out his experiment. Micheal's behavior appears to be governed by:

Social norms

Mrs. Lovejoy thinks that all teenagers are reckless, promiscuous, irresponsible delinquents. Mrs. Lovejoy appears to be associating qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define this particular age group. This example illustrates:

Stereotyped thinking

Sixty-five-yea-old Bernice is taking courses at the university with the intention of completing a bachelor's degree. Some members of her family think she is not likely to succeed because she is much too old to learn new information. These family members are demonstrating:

Stereotyped thinking

One aspect of major depression is that thinking become globally pessimistic and negative about the self. This pervasive negativity and pessimism are often manifested in:

Suicidal thoughts or preoccupations with deat

Sylvester was thrilled when he received a large bonus from his company. Later that day, when he was asked if he could volunteer a few hours to help at the Food Bank, he readily agreed. This exchange best illustrates:

The "feel good, do good" effect

The highest rate of suicide in the United States occurs in:

The 75 and older age group

During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she would soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit college. Their different reactions to the same stressful event emphasizes the importance of:

Their respective cognitive appraisals of the event

Most psychoneuroimmunologists are likely to share the view that:

There are interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.

The onset of schizophrenia:

Typically occurs during early adulthood

Norman displays schizophrenic symptoms, both positive and negative, including random auditory hallucinations that do not follow any particular theme, peculiar thoughts and behavior, frequent inappropriate laughing mixed with aggressive shouting, and echoing words spoken by others. Norman would probably be diagnosed with the _____________ type of schizophrenia.

Undifferentiated

As long as the psychiatric nurse remains very quiet, he can move Robin's arms and legs and gently shift her from standing to sitting. Once she has been moved, Robin remains in the new pose until someone moves her again. This particular symptom of schizophrenia is called _______ and is very _______.

Waxy flexibility; rare

Minor everyday stressors, such as taking an exam:

can temporarily alter immune system functioning