Psychology Exam II - Chapter 7 Review

Heuristic

A "rule of thumb" is an example of a __________________.

Phoneme

A ________________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

Mental Set

A ____________________ is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.

Schema

A ______________________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

Problem-solving

A ________________________ strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution.

Role Schema

A _________________________ makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Representative Sample

A ________________________________ is a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.

Prototype

A is the best example or representation of a concept. For example, for the category of civil disobedience, your prototype could be Rosa Parks.

A heuristic

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.

Interpersonal Intelligence

A social worker uses ________________________________________ to understand the various emotional states of a others.

An algorithm

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.

Anchoring Bias

An ___________________ occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem.

Artificial Concept

An ________________________, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics.

Algorithm

An _________________________ is a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome

Script

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.

Cognitive Script

An event schema, also known as a _____________________, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine.

Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

Analytical Intelligence

Sternberg says that _______________________________ is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Intellectual Disability

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.

Confirmation Bias

The _____________________________ is the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.

100.

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.

Semantics

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.

Dyslexia

The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with _____________.

Working Backwards

___________________ is a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result.

Human Thinking

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.

Semantic

Concepts are informed by our _______________ memory and are present in every aspect of our lives

Skinner

___________________ proposed that language is learned through reinforcement.

Cognitive

___________________ psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think.

Natural concepts

____________________ are created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences.

Flynn Effect

______________________ refers to the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.

Fluid Intelligence

_______________________ encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

Language

_______________________ is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another.

Semantics

_______________________ refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words.

Representative bias

________________________ describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Learning Disabilities

_________________________ in people do not mean they have a low IQ.

Trial & Error

__________________________ is to continue trying different solutions until problem is solved

Standardization

____________________________ means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.

Range of Reaction

______________________________ is the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup.

Crystallized Intelligence

________________________________ is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

Functional Fixedness

_________________________________ is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.

Hindsight Bias

_________________________________ leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't.

Interpersonal Intelligence

___________________________________ is the ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others

Creative Intelligence

____________________________________ is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

Analytical Intelligence

___________________________________________ is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

___________________________________________ sees intelligence as comprised of three parts practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.

Standard Deviations

describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.

Morphemes

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

Phonemes

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

Lexicon

____________ refers to the words of a given language.

Concepts

_____________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Syntax

_____________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

Syntax

______________ refers to the way words are organized into sentences

Noam Chomsky

_________________ criticized this behaviorist approach, asserting instead that the mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined.

Schemata

__________________ are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.

Norming

__________________ involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups.

Grammar

__________________ refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

David Weschler

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

Availability Bias

Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty is know as _________________________.

Functional Fixedness

During the Apollo 13 mission to the moon, NASA engineers at Mission Control had to overcome _________________________ to save the lives of the astronauts aboard the spacecraft.

Intelligence Quotient

IQ stands for ________________________________.

Confirmation Bias

If you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. You are forming what kind of bias?

Role Schema

Imagine you meet someone who introduces himself as a firefighter. When this happens, you start making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. This could also be known as _____________________________.

A representative sample

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.

Howard Gardner

Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by _______________________.

Fluid Intelligence

Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your _________________________________.

Morphemes

Phonemes are combined to form _______________, which are the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning

Dysgraphia

The physical task of writing with a pen and paper is extremely challenging for a person with _____________________.

A neurological disorder

What is a learning disability?

Schema

When a ______________ is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.

Crystallized Intelligence

When you learn, remember, and recall information, you are using _______________________________.

Algorithms

When you run a search on the Internet, search engines like Google use _________________ to decide which entries will appear first in your list of results.

Genetics & Environment

Where does high intelligence come from?

The Scorekeeper

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

A triangle's area

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?

Anchoring Bias

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

Representative Bias

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

Heuristic

While an algorithm must be followed exactly to produce a correct result, a ________________ is a general problem-solving framework

Event Schema

While it is quite common for people to greet one another with a handshake in the United States, in Tibet, you greet someone by sticking your tongue out at them, and in Belize, you bump fists. This is known as _______________________.