Psychology Exam II - Chapter 7 Review
Heuristic
A "rule of thumb" is an example of a __________________.
Phoneme
A ________________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.
Mental Set
A ____________________ is where you persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.
Schema
A ______________________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Problem-solving
A ________________________ strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution.
Role Schema
A _________________________ makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Representative Sample
A ________________________________ is a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.
Prototype
A is the best example or representation of a concept. For example, for the category of civil disobedience, your prototype could be Rosa Parks.
A heuristic
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.
Interpersonal Intelligence
A social worker uses ________________________________________ to understand the various emotional states of a others.
An algorithm
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
Anchoring Bias
An ___________________ occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem.
Artificial Concept
An ________________________, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics.
Algorithm
An _________________________ is a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome
Script
An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.
Cognitive Script
An event schema, also known as a _____________________, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine.
Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
Analytical Intelligence
Sternberg says that _______________________________ is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Intellectual Disability
The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.
Confirmation Bias
The _____________________________ is the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.
100.
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
Semantics
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.
Dyslexia
The neurological mechanism for sound processing does not work properly in someone with _____________.
Working Backwards
___________________ is a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result.
Human Thinking
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.
Semantic
Concepts are informed by our _______________ memory and are present in every aspect of our lives
Skinner
___________________ proposed that language is learned through reinforcement.
Cognitive
___________________ psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think.
Natural concepts
____________________ are created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences.
Flynn Effect
______________________ refers to the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.
Fluid Intelligence
_______________________ encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.
Language
_______________________ is a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another.
Semantics
_______________________ refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words.
Representative bias
________________________ describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something
Learning Disabilities
_________________________ in people do not mean they have a low IQ.
Trial & Error
__________________________ is to continue trying different solutions until problem is solved
Standardization
____________________________ means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.
Range of Reaction
______________________________ is the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup.
Crystallized Intelligence
________________________________ is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
Functional Fixedness
_________________________________ is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.
Hindsight Bias
_________________________________ leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't.
Interpersonal Intelligence
___________________________________ is the ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others
Creative Intelligence
____________________________________ is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.
Analytical Intelligence
___________________________________________ is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
___________________________________________ sees intelligence as comprised of three parts practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.
Standard Deviations
describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.
Morphemes
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
Phonemes
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
Lexicon
____________ refers to the words of a given language.
Concepts
_____________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
Syntax
_____________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
Syntax
______________ refers to the way words are organized into sentences
Noam Chomsky
_________________ criticized this behaviorist approach, asserting instead that the mechanisms underlying language acquisition are biologically determined.
Schemata
__________________ are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.
Norming
__________________ involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups.
Grammar
__________________ refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon
David Weschler
Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?
Availability Bias
Decision is based upon either an available precedent or an example that may be faulty is know as _________________________.
Functional Fixedness
During the Apollo 13 mission to the moon, NASA engineers at Mission Control had to overcome _________________________ to save the lives of the astronauts aboard the spacecraft.
Intelligence Quotient
IQ stands for ________________________________.
Confirmation Bias
If you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. You are forming what kind of bias?
Role Schema
Imagine you meet someone who introduces himself as a firefighter. When this happens, you start making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. This could also be known as _____________________________.
A representative sample
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences Theory was developed by _______________________.
Fluid Intelligence
Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction would draw upon your _________________________________.
Morphemes
Phonemes are combined to form _______________, which are the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning
Dysgraphia
The physical task of writing with a pen and paper is extremely challenging for a person with _____________________.
A neurological disorder
What is a learning disability?
Schema
When a ______________ is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Crystallized Intelligence
When you learn, remember, and recall information, you are using _______________________________.
Algorithms
When you run a search on the Internet, search engines like Google use _________________ to decide which entries will appear first in your list of results.
Genetics & Environment
Where does high intelligence come from?
The Scorekeeper
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
A triangle's area
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
Anchoring Bias
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
Representative Bias
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
Heuristic
While an algorithm must be followed exactly to produce a correct result, a ________________ is a general problem-solving framework
Event Schema
While it is quite common for people to greet one another with a handshake in the United States, in Tibet, you greet someone by sticking your tongue out at them, and in Belize, you bump fists. This is known as _______________________.