psychology exam two

The idea that learning occurs, and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced is called

latent learning

An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be

1)chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments 2) farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep

Who highlighted the importance of observational learning?

Bandura

Extinction occurs when a _______ is no longer paired with a _________.

CS; US

After a CS comes to elicit the CR response, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral will start to elicit a CR. This process is called

Higher-order conditioning

The researcher and physiologist responsible for discovering classical conditioning was

Pavlov

"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of

Thorndike's Law of Effect

In Bandura's study the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model of given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of

latent learning

According to lecture, for observation learning to occur, three elements must be present, which of the following is not one of these elements?

a reinforcer

according to the text, learning involves

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Money is an example of what type of reinforce?

a secondary reinforcer

John B. Watson would have expresses the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether

academic achievement is influenced by a positive self-concept

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates

associative learning

A primary reinforce is a stimulus that is reinforcing due to ______; a secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that is reinforcing due to

basic innate properties; a learned association with primary reinforcers

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of

classic conditioning

John Watson and his colleague, Rosie Rayner, offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the________ in their study.

conditioned response

In an article about Pavlov's experiment, he stated "Even the vessel from which the food has been given is sufficient to evoke a basic reflex (of salivation) complete in all its details; and further, the secretion may be provoked even by the sight of the person who has brought the vessel, or the sound of his footsteps." What was old Ivan referring to by the tree factors mentioned above?

conditioned stimuli

After you successfully classically conditioned your pet dog, you repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus without ever pairing it with the uncontrolled stimulus. Over time, your dog stops performing the conditioned response. What has happened?

extinction

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ______ is the unconditioned stimulus.

fish food

A schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

fixed variable

Judy would sometimes discipline her puppy by squatting its nose with a rolled-up newspaper. One day she brought a magazine into the house all rolled up, and her puppy ran from her in fear. By pairing the rolled newspaper with the swat, Judy's puppy had developed a _______ response to the rolled-up magazine.

generalized

The "a-ha!" experience is known as

insight learning

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of _______.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of

learned helplessness

According to the class handout contrasting negative reinforcement and punishment, fastening your seatbelt to stop the buzzer from making a noise is an example of

negative reinforcement

According to the class handout contrasting negative reinforcement and punishment, your boyfriend nags you until you take him out to dinner is an example of

negative reinforcement

If you clean your room so that you are no longer grounded, this is an example of

negative reinforcement

To avoid a scolding by lying about one's behavior is an example of what type of reinforcement?

negative reinforcement

If you learn how to fix your car by watching someone on TV demonstrate the technique, you are acquiring that knowledge through

observational learning

Mirror neurons provide a biological basis for

observational learning

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is

operant conditioning

Which of the following correctly describes the process of classical conditioning?

pairing a stimulus that naturally causes a certain response with a second stimulus that does not naturally cause that response

Remembering the A B C model of learning, how is antecedent defined?

persons, places, things, or events occurring before a behavior that encourage a person to perform the behavior

Trey learns that talking in a funny voice gets him lots of attention from his classmates, so now he talks that way often. What type of reinforcement is this?

positive reinforcement

Alex learned to babysit and care for young children effective by observing the many ways his mother carefully nurtured his own younger siblings. This best illustrates the value of observational learning for promoting

prosocial behavior

A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that

provides the organism with a cue for making response in order to obtain reinforcement

Your child has begun drawing on the walls of your house and you would like this activity to stop immediately. Which of the following actions would, at least temporarily, decrease the occurrence of the behavior in your child?

punish your child after she draws on the wall

If you stay out past your curfew and your parents ground you, this is what type of consequence?

punishment

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Which example best describes the fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

receiving a paycheck after every two weeks of work

What is the technique called that uses reinforcement of simple progressive steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior?

shaping

A box used in operant conditioning of animals technically called an operant chamber, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a

skinner box

Early in their relationship, the mere sight of Donna excited Jack. This gradually died out, however, as Donna behaved tolerantly but indifferently. When the relationship ended, Jack was bored with Donna and didn't even think about her for the next year. Now, he was surprised at how excited he was becoming as he saw Donna through the window of a bus. What is this?

spontaneous recovery

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original controlled stimulus is called?

stimulus generalization

Cognition refers to

the mental events or thought processes that take place while a person is behaving

The term acquisition refers to the idea that

the process during which conditioning occurs when the US is paired with the CS

In Albert Bandura's famous Bobo Doll experiment summarized in class, there were four major hypotheses. One stated that, because children tend to identify with a parent and other major hypotheses. One stated that, because children tend to identify with a parent and other adults of the same sex, participant would "imitate the aggressive behavior of the same-sex model to a greater degree than a model of the opposite sex." Was this hypothesis upheld?

true

A schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time is most resistant to extinction?

variable interval

A schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event.

variable interval

According to lecture, which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

variable interval