Psychology FInal

Any situation that involves learning *

Requires some relatively permanent change to occur

Bob shows you how to do a card trick. However, you forget the second step in the trick and thus are unable to replicate the card trick. There has been a failure in

Retention

The approach to psychology that views psychological distress as a result of persistent negative thoughts is *

the cognitive approach

The control group in the aforementioned study of obesity is *

the group that read the newspaper

Muscles in the middle ear maneuver ______ as needed to amplify or decrease the intensity of sound waves to make it easier to hear or to protect our hearing.

the hammer, anvil, and stirrup

The approach to psychology that focuses on self-fulfillment, altruism, and personal growth is *

the humanistic approach

The larger the amplitude of a sound wave

the louder sound is

Taste buds are bunched together in *

the papillae

Vestibular senses are important because *

they act like a gyroscope to help us determine our orientation in space

The term metacognition refers to

thinking about thought processes

Your the mother's and sister's voices have the same pitch and loudness, but you can tell them apart on the telephone. This is due to the perceptual quality, or _____, of their voices. *

timbre

The major function of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup of the middle ear is *

to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear.

Roger used to feel the effect of one or two alcoholic drinks; he now needs four or five to feel the same effect. Roger is experiencing

tolerance

Any changeable phenomenon that a scientist studies is called a *

variable

You are outside enjoying a beautiful day. The sky is blue. When the sun sets, the sky turns a gorgeous salmon pink. After the sun has set, the sky turns lavender; as it grows dark, it becomes a deeper purple, then midnight blue, and finally black. The color changes you perceive in the sky are due to the ________ of light that it reflects. *

wavelength`

Paul believes that physically attractive people are selfish. He conducts a study to see if he is right. He goes up to five people he thinks are good looking and asks them for spare change. They all turn him down. Paul concludes, "I knew it all along." The operational definition of "selfish" is *

whether or not people gave Paul spare change

The psychological attempt to discover the basic structures of mental processes in the human mind, later became known as ___. *

Assumptions

High frequency sounds are

higher pitched

The entire group of people about whom a researcher wants to draw conclusions is the *

population

When a pig's rooting behavior interferes with its learning, the phenomenon is an example of *

Instinctive drift

Which of the following is true about mindfulness meditation?

It focuses thoughts on specific bodily sensations.

Sean loves anchovy, mushroom, and double-cheese pizza on a whole-wheat crust from his hometown pizzeria. He brings a pie back from home to give his roommate Danny a chance to taste it. Sean is stunned by Danny's reaction to the pizza: "Dude! Epic fail!" ( In other words, he hates it). What does this example demonstrate? *

Although Sean and Danny have similar tongue anatomy, perception is a still a subjective process. Sean is apparently a big umami fan, but Danny is not.

A drawback of laboratory research is that *

-it is hard to conduct without the participant's knowledge that they are being studied -people unfamiliar with the university environment and culture may be intimidated and thus underrepresented -the lab setting is unnatural and may thus cause the participants to behave unnaturally

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes to observe human behavior & draw conclusions from those observations is ____. *

7. Psychology

The organization that provides ethical guidelines for psychologists is the *

American Psychological Association

______________ occurs when we make a connection, or association, between two events *

Associative_learning

One of the goals of psychology is to test ___ ; another is to bring data to bear on questions of interest to human beings. In other words to describe, predict, and explain behavior *

Assumptions

Sondra was driving in the country one afternoon. There was not much traffic on the long, straight road, though Sondra noticed a man walking along the roadside some distance away. Suddenly, as she approached the person, he drifted toward the middle of the road, and Sondra, with screeching brakes, was shocked to realize she had nearly hit a child. Fortunately, the child was not harmed. It had become clear to Sondra that what had seemed like a man some distance away was actually a child who was much closer than she realized.

Because objects that are smaller on the retina are typically farther away, Sondra was fooled by relative size.

Everything we do that can be directly observed is referred to as ___. *

Behavior

Talentless people perform on America's Got Talent because they have been rewarded in some way. *

Behavioral

______________a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. *

Behaviorism

Some people who perform on this show clearly show brain damage. *

Biological

Roberto and his friends attend a show by the great Chorizo, a hypnotist. Chorizo asks for volunteers to be hypnotized, and he picks the first five people who raise their hands. He puts the five people into a trance, and within minutes he has them lying on stages sizzling like slices of bacon in a frying pan. When it is all over, one of Ryan's friends remarks that Chorizo must have amazing powers: "That guy could make a person do anything!" Ryan, who has been working on his critical thinking and the psychology of hypnosis, wisely notes which of the following about Chorizo's act?

Chorizo selected the first five volunteers, and these individuals may have been especially motivated, suggestible, and likely to believe in the effects of hypnosis. There is no way to gauge whether Chorizo could have influence over anyone else.

______________process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response *

Classical_conditioning

The key to doing well on America's Got Talent is not merely having talent, but also for the performers to be able to perceive what it is the judges and audience want, remember what it is their audience liked and disliked, and discover a way to give their audience a memorable show. *

Cognitive

______________a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning *

Conditioned_stimulus

Four attitudes at the core of the scientific approach are ____, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity. *

Critical thinking

Bob is a student in PSY-111. He has attended every class and then taken detailed notes. Before the first exam, he studies and tries on the practice tests. On the morning of the test, however, he feels suddenly blank. Bob takes a deep breath and starts answering each question one by one, taking guesses on many questions. The next week, Bob is thrilled to learn that he got a 100 percent on the exam. He later tells a friend, "I just took guesses and still got a perfect score. Next time I should not even bother studying!" Which of the following is true of Bob's plan?

It is a bad idea. Bob's grade shows that controlled and subconscious processes worked together. Controlled processes helped hi m learn the material so that he was able to make good guesses.

Charles Darwin's work is relevant to psychology because *

Darwin's principle of natural selection suggests that human behavior is partially a result of efforts to survive

Emily, a committed environmentalist, reads a report that among a nationally representative sample, 60 percent of people polled support drilling for oil off the shores of California. The poll includes 1000 people. Emily scoffs at the results, noting that all of the people she knows do not support offshore drilling. The poll must be flawed, she insists. How do you evaluate Emily's statement? *

Emily is likely to be wrong. A representative sample is more likely to reflect the general population than the small sample of Emily's friends.

Pavlov's dog salivates each time it hears a bell. Now, after several trials of salivating to the bell and not receiving food, the dog stops salivating. The explanation is that *

Extinction has occurred.

A dog has learned to associate a small blue light coming on with being fed. Now, however, when a small light of any color comes on, the dog salivates. The reason is *

Generalization

E.C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior—the idea that much of behavior is oriented toward the achievement of *

Goals

Conservative radio personality Rush Limbaugh experienced sudden hearing loss in 2001, after which he received a cochlear implant. He has described his ability to listen to music as dependent on what he heard before becoming deaf. If he had heard a song prior to becoming deaf, he could hear it, but if it was a new song, he could not make sense of it. Which of the following explains Limbaugh's experience? *

He is able to engage in top-down listening, but not bottom-up listening.

The judges are essentially good people who desire to see each of the performers grow and improve as artists and people. *

Humanistic

Bob and Jen have a friendly competition going in their psychology class. Both have spent several hours studying for the final exam over the last few weeks of school. The night before the final, Bob declares that he is going to pull an all-nighter, adding 12 full hours to his study time compared to Jen. Altogether, Jill studies 23 hours for the exam, while Bob studies 35 hours. All other things being equal, who is likely to do better on the test?

Jen will do better because she studied a great deal and has the benefit of a good night's sleep, allowing her memory for course material to consolidate.

In high school Kareem was a star student, and drinking alcohol did not fit with his academic ambitions. In college, he started drinking and eventually drank heavily every weekend. He has a lot of trouble making it to his Monday classes, and his grades have dropped from mostly A's to mainly C's, but otherwise he feels he is doing pretty well. A friend asks him about his drinking, and Kareem declares, "I will definitely stop drinking once I am out of colleges. Besdides, no one in my family has ever been an alcoholic, so I am not at risk." Which of the statements below is an accurate assessment of Kareem's belief?

Kareem is clearly already suffering from alcohol-related problems. Despite his lack of family history, his alcohol use could put him at risk for dependence. Furthermore, if Kareem is binge drinking, he is risking death by alcohol poisoning.

______________Thorndike research postulates that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened *

Law_of_Effect

______________a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience *

Learning

Things we experience but cannot directly observe, such as thoughts, feelings, and motives are all types of ___. *

Mental processes

______________the removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior *

Negative_reinforcement

______________ takes place when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. *

Observational_learning

Which of the following statements is correct? *

Only experimental research allows researchers to determine causality.

______________a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence. *

Operant_conditioning

Patricia enjoys walking by a river next to her apartment building nearly every day. As she walks, she loses track of time and jsut thinks quietly about her life and experiences, letting her thoughts come and go without concern. Sometimes she stops to gaze at teh river and enjoys its quiet glistening. After her walks, she always feels refreshed and ready for life's next challenges. One day a friend sees her while walking and says, "ooops, I didn't mean to interrupt your meditation." Patricia says, "Oh, I'm not meditating. I'm jst taking a walk." Is Patricia right?

Patricia is not correct. She may not know it, but she is engaged in contemplative state.

______________the presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior *

Positive_reinforcement

______________a reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. *

Primary_reinforcer

Human beings have an unconscious desire to perform for others. *

Psychodynamic

____________ is/are involved in the sense of smell. *

The olfactory epithelium

_____ in contrast to art, is characterized by having systematic methods, utilizing careful observation, and drawing logical conclusions from those observations. *

Science

______________a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; in other words, it is a learned or conditioned reinforcer *

Secondary_reinforcer

______________rewarding approximations of a desired behavior *

Shaping

A person's peers, family, and upbringing convey what sort of performances are acceptable. *

Sociocultural

The one correct statement among the following is: *

There are many controversies within the field of psychology

Trina, a first year college student, goes home at Thanksgiving break after being away from home (for the first time) for three months. She feels as if she has changed a lot, but her parents still treat her like a kid in high school. At Thanksgiving dinner she confronts them, bursting out, "Stop top-down processing me!" Her parents think Trina has lost her mind. Which of the following explains her outburst? *

Trina believes that her parents are letting their preconceived ideas of who she is prevent them from seeing her as the person she has become.

The philosopher-physician ___ (1832-1920) is considered the father of psychology. *

Wilhelm Wundt

The American who created the approach to psychological study known as functionalism is ____. *

William James

The statement "I believe this research will demonstrate that students who study in groups will get better grades than those who study alone" is an example of *

a hypothesis

A correlation of -.77 indicates *

a strong negative relationship

All of the following are examples of automatic processes except

a student solving a math problem

The most widely consumed drug in the world as a whole is

caffeine

The brain structure that is responsible for the synchronization of circadian rhythm is the

suprachiasmatic nucleus

When we refer to the hue of a light wave, we are referring to what we perceive as *

color

Timbre is a measure of a sound's

complexity

In an experiment, the participant is deceived into thinking she is taking an intelligence test, but she is actually taking a personality test. When she is done, the results of her test are posted with her name on the wall with the results of other participants. Check all the ethical guidelines which were violated: *

confidentiality

The bones of the middle ear are set into motion by vibrations of the *

eardrum

The main classes into which the sense organs and sensory receptors fall include all of the following _except_ *

electroreception

The last step in the scientific method, and one that never ends, is

evaluating conclusions

The pinna is the _______, which is quite useful in collecting information from the environment. *

external part of the ear

The degree to which conclusions made about a sample can be generalized to the entire group is called *

external validity

If you are in a well-lighted room, your rods are being used _____ and cones are being used ______. *

infrequently; frequently

Sleep and dreams are most accurately viewed as

low levels of consciousness

Immediately entering REM sleep is a symptom of

narcolepsy

One of the following drugs, the one that is a not a depressant is

nicotine

Near the center of the retina there is a spot where there are no rods or cones. This is because of the *

optic nerve

An architect is designing apartments and wants them to be soundproof. She asks a psychologist what the smallest amount of sound is that can be heard. Her question is most related to *

the absolute threshold

A six-week study on obesity had four groups, each with a different assignment. One group of participants read a brochure about diet and nutrition; another had a 30-minute nutrition counseling session; a third group read the newspaper; a fourth group watched a video about exercise and fitness. The dependent variable in this study is *

the change in weight of the participants

Of the following, the characteristic that is NOT at the heart of the scientific approach is *

prejudging

A skier slides down a snowy slope, maneuver her poles and skis, and comes to a stop at the bottom of a hill through *

proprioceptive feedback

The approach to psychology that is most interested in early childhood relationships is *

psychodynamic psychology

Hypnosis treatments tend to work best when they are accompanied by

psychotherapy

To read this question, you are looking at it. After the light passes into your eyes, the incoming light waves are recorded by receptor cells located in the *

retina

When a researcher decides to study a particular group, such as Latino factory workers, the research is specifically determining the study's

sample

The inner-ear structures that contain the sensory receptors that detect head motion, as when we move our head and/or body, are the

semicircular canals.

A cochlear implant

sends electronic impulses to stimulate auditory nerves

Every day, you see, hear, smell, taste, and feel stimuli from the outside world. Collecting data about that world is the function of _______, and interpreting the data collected is the function of ______. *

sensation;perception

When you first arrive at a party, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is at the same volume, it does not bother you any more. This change over time describes the process of

sensory adaptation.

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with *

sensory receptors

Our largest sensory organ is the *

skin

In terms of physiology, meditation shows characteristics of

sleep and wakefulness