Psychology Final

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?

A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior.

Amanda can't stand to be in a crowded room, get on an elevator, or sit in the middle of a row. It interferes with her job performance and prevents her from enjoying leisure activities. Which anxiety disorder does Amanda exhibit?

Agoraphobia

Richard is 67 years old. His family no longer allows him to go anywhere alone because he often forgets his name and address along with his way home. In addition, Richard is unable to follow instructions and do simple chores like he used to. Which disease does Richard most likely have?

Alzheimer's disease

Alina thinks that she is overweight even if she is not. She often indulges in binge eating and later vomits the food out forcefully. Which eating disorder is Alina most likely suffering from?

Bulimia nervosa

Sheryl is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. Her doctor recommends that she take some drugs. Which of the following drugs is she most likely taking?

Antidepressant

According to Neal E. Miller, which of the following is the least stressful type of conflict?

Approach-approach conflict

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following is the ideal form of love?

Consummate love

Which of the following is true in the context of children babbling?

Babbling is inborn and prelinguistic.

According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?

Ego identity

What is Hans Selye's term for strain that is healthful?

Eustress

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?

He is extraverted and unstable.

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?

Identity exploration

Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school anymore because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which concept of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is best depicted in this scenario?

Imaginary audience

Vasily participated in a replication of the Milgram Studies. Similar to the other "teachers" in the Milgram experiments, as Vasily became more emotionally aroused, his emotions interfered with clear thinking. Which of the following hypotheses to explain obedience holds true in this scenario?

Inaccessibility of values

Which of the following is true of cognitive therapy?

It focuses directly on thoughts and encourages ideas that help individuals solve problems.

Which of the following is true of psychotherapy?

It influences clients' thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Which of the following best describes psychotherapy?

It is a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behavior to help the client overcome psychological disorders, adjust to problems in living, or develop as an individual.

Based on the different behavior-therapy methods, which of the following is true of modeling?

It relies on observational learning.

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

A mother is playing with her eight-month-old son. She places an object in front of her son and then takes it away. She notices that her son begins to look for the object. Which aspect of Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development is depicted in the scenario?

Object permanence

According to Albert Ellis, which of the following is true of beliefs?

Our beliefs about events, not just the events themselves, can be stressors.

Which of the following is NOT one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

Resilience phase

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following is the basis for psychological problems?

Roadblocks to self-actualization

People tend to divide their social world into "us" and "them." They usually view those who belong to their own groups-the "in-group"-more favorably than those who do not-the "out-group." Isolation from the out-group makes it easier to maintain their stereotypes. Which of the following source of prejudice does this illustrate?

Social categorization

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory?

Social relationships

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of psychological disorders?

Socially acceptable behavior

Research regarding the use of language in animals supports which of the following statements?

Some animals, such as gorillas and chimpanzees, can be taught to use symbols to communicate.

Which of the following is true of stereotyping?

Stereotyping may lead people to view members of groups in a biased fashion.

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist gradually exposes Katherine to different dogs using virtual reality displays while she relaxes to each presentation. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following is a characteristic of polygraphs for lie detection?

Tense muscles will reduce their accuracy.

Which of the following is true about the intelligence quotient (IQ)?

The IQ reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual age.

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

The age of possibilities

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

The far-reaching effects of childhood events

A pregnant woman visits her doctor for a scheduled ultrasound. She hears the strong heartbeat of her baby. She is able to see the fingers and toes of the baby. She also tells the doctor that she frequently feels the baby kick. Which stage of prenatal development is best depicted in the scenario?

The fetal stage

Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?

The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.

Sanchez, an 8-year-old boy, suffers from unpredictable panic attacks and constantly talks to a make-believe group of friends. His mother confesses to the family doctor, "I probably drank too much alcohol during pregnancy and caused brain damage." Which perspective on psychological disorders does she hold?

The medical model

According to Steinberg, which of the following statements is true about creative people?

They appreciate art and music.

Which of the following statements is true about concepts?

They can represent visions of things that can never be measured.

Which of the following statements is true about heuristics?

They permit more rapid solutions than algorithms.

Identify a function of asylums.

To house people with psychological disorders

Which of the following factors decreases the tendency to conform?

Valuing being right over being liked

Somatoform disorders are characterized by:

a complaint of physical problems such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that one has a serious disease when it does not exist.

Conversion disorder is characterized by:

a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning.

A similarity between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is that both:

are characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event.

Type A people:

are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive.

Somatoform disorders involve:

complaints of physical problems.

Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with a group of friends to discuss what they plan to wear to the party. Lisa then decides what to wear based on everybody's opinion. Lisa's behavior demonstrates:

conformity.

Ever since Mark and Tracy met each other at a party thrown by a mutual friend, they have been fascinated with each other. They care about each other deeply, and realize that they want a special relationship with each other for the rest of their lives. According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, their feelings are known as:

consummate love.

Delmar believes that he has been sent to Earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to, or associates with, a female is doomed to a life as a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are untrue. Which of the following does Delmar demonstrate?

delusions

While in a bus, a man overhears a discussion about a person who is about to be terminated from his job. The man believes that the people on the bus are talking about him and that he has been targeted. Which of the following delusions does the man demonstrate?

delusions of reference

A child points to a cat and says, "Cat." He then points to a dog and then a rabbit and calls them cats as well. In this context, the child is overregulating.

false

According to Jeffrey Arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities.

false

According to psychiatrist Aaron Beck, clients make the cognitive error of minimizing the importance of negative events.

false

Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.

false

An anagram is a partial similarity among things that are different in other ways.

false

Deindividuation is the tendency to avoid helping other people in emergencies when other people are also present and apparently capable of helping.

false

Erik Erikson is credited with developing the psychosexual stages of development.

false

Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively because males empathize with the victim.

false

Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.

false

Heuristic device, in psycholinguistic theory, is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar.

false

Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.

false

In aversive conditioning, an aversive stimuli is paired with a painful behavior in order to increase that behavior.

false

Jamie is known to be "street smart." He gets by very well in the real world as he is very practical and handles difficult situations well. Jamie has naturalist intelligence.

false

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

false

Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.

false

Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.

false

Predictability is of greater benefit to externals-that is, to people who wish to exercise control over their situations-than to internals.

false

The Asch study examined the effects of social facilitation.

false

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause behavioral responses to events.

false

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

false

The attraction-similarity hypothesis states that people with opposite natures find each other attractive.

false

The central symptom of generalized anxiety disorder is persistent anxiety that can be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

false

The embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby.

false

The umbilical cord is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.

false

Which of the following is the final stage in Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

genital stage

The drive-reduction theory of Hull states that:

hunger and pain trigger arousal and activate behavior.

The risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) can be reduced by:

lowering LDL serum cholesterol.

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may:

make huge contributions to charity.

According to a study by Sprecher and Felmlee (2008), U.S. women are more willing than U.S. men to marry someone who is:

not good-looking

Michael's boss tells him to report to work at 4:00 a.m. the next day. Michael is not happy about arriving at work at such an unusual hour, yet he does as told. In the context of social influence, his behavior is an example of:

obedience to authority

Cognitive theorists note that:

people represent their worlds mentally.

Carole seems to be incredibly healthy; she is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed. She fully involves herself in whatever she is doing. She believes that change is normal and that she has control over the course of her life. Psychologists would say that Carole is:

psychologically hardy.

Ryan, a psychiatrist, has recommended that his patient stop the use of antianxiety drugs. After two weeks, the patient complains that her anxiety symptoms have not abated. Ryan tells the patient that her feelings are an expected response to stopping antianxiety medication. What is the patient experiencing?

rebound anxiety

Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. In the context of group behavior, this phenomenon occurs due to a process known as:

social facilitation

Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform?

social shyness

People with generalized anxiety disorder:

suffer from persistent anxiety that cannot be attributed to a phobic object, situation, or activity.

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

sunbathing

The difference between major depressive disorder and run-of-the-mill depression is that:

the feeling of lack of energy, low self-esteem, loss of interest in activities is more intense in people with major depressive disorder.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:

the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development.

A child is able to combine the words he has learnt to create new sentences. He is able to write stories and poetry using these words. The child has infinite creativity.

true

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, the preoperational stage is characterized by the use of words and symbols to represent objects and relationships among them.

true

According to Thurstone, primary mental abilities are the basic abilities that make up intelligence.

true

According to cognitive-dissonance theory, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.

true

Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.

true

Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through the client's frame of reference.

true

Discrimination refers to behavior that results from prejudice.

true

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included in esteem needs.

true

In cases of domestic violence, it is usually the partner with less power in a relationship that is the violent one.

true

Incubation in problem solving refers to standing back from the problem for a while as some process within may continue to work on it.

true

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

true

Obsessions are so compelling and recurrent that they disrupt daily life.

true

People are more likely to act on their attitudes when they have a vested interest in the outcome.

true

People who have higher self-efficacy expectations are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

true

Selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment.

true

Stress and pathogens interact to influence the immune system.

true

The intelligence quotient reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual or chronological age.

true

The preconscious mind contains ideas that are out of awareness but can be made conscious by focusing on them.

true

Two-word sentences used by children are termed telegraphic speech.

true

Which of the following is a difference between James-Lange's theory and Cannon-Bard's theory?

Unlike Cannon-Bard's theory, James-Lange's theory says that emotions are produced by bodily changes.

Which of the following is a feature of a child's motor development?

It is dependent on brain maturation of the child.

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

The Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following was the result of a study done with 500 pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins in Kentucky, in terms of intelligence?

The correlations in intelligence between dizygotic twins were about the same as those between other siblings.

Jason meets a therapist for the first time. During the session, the therapist tells him that she believes that humans have a natural tendency toward health and growth and that they are free to make choices and control their destinies. She also tells him that therapy is intended to help people get in touch with their genuine feelings. Which kind of therapy does she likely practice?

Client-centered therapy

Jack's therapist Susan wants him to recall significant points about his recent appraisal, so he can cope with his work more effectively. Which of the following approaches does Susan use?

Cognitive therapy

In terms of behavior, which of the following is true of prejudice?

Prejudice is connected with avoidance, aggression, and discrimination.

Which of the following is true of children specifically in the concrete operational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

They show the capacity for adult logic involving tangible objects.

When is the id first present in the mind?

at birth

When the lateral hypothalamus of a rat is destroyed, it may most likely:

become aphagic.

When a rat's ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is destroyed, the rat will:

begin to eat uncontrollably.

Irrational beliefs compound misery and foster helplessness by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to:

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

Schizophrenia is characterized by:

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and mood.

Generating many possible solutions is a characteristic of which of the following concepts?

divergent thinking

Type B people are highly driven, competitive, impatient, hostile, and aggressive-so much so that they are prone to getting into auto accidents.

false

In the selection of a romantic partner, women tend to place greater emphasis on traits such as:

professional status

Which brain structure is associated with aggression in nonhumans?

Hypothalamus

Emotions do not involve behavioral tendencies.

false

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

Anorexia nervosa

Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing and a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. According to Neal E. Miller, what is this type of conflict called?

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Susan is in the alarm reaction stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. In this scenario, which of the following is most likely to occur?

Her body has been aroused and she experiences a fight-or-flight reaction.

Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.

Which of the following statements is true about psycholinguistic theory?

It focuses on the environmental influences on the acquisition of language.

Which of the following statements is true about the nativist theory of language development?

It holds that the innate factors of children cause them to attend to and acquire language in certain ways.

Richard has not been successful in getting a job despite several efforts. Thinking about his failure, Richard has started going under depression. He feels helpless and hopeless about his situation and even feels suicidal at times. What other symptom is most likely to be associated with Richard's condition?

Parasympathetic arousal

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged by physical or psychological factors may be more likely to develop cancer.

Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?

She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

Priscilla is a psychologist. She is studying a group of people for their behaviors that make them unique. What will be the definition of the term "personality" on her paper on the study?

The person's reasonably stable pattern of emotions, motives, and demeanor

Which of the following is true of people with Type A behavior pattern?

They dominate group discussions.

Which of the following statements is true about thinking?

Thinking means paying attention to information.

Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. This condition is called:

essential hypertension.

During middle adulthood, people are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness.

false

If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic.

false

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on:

feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

Motives are:

inferred from behavior.

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have:

the ability to hypothesize.