Psychology Final

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?

It ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior.

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

Stage 2

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Which of the following describes how the cognitive-mediational theory is different from the facial feedback hypothesis?

The cognitive-mediational theory suggests that our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus while the facial feedback hypothesis does not.

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Body dysmorphia is a ________.

distorted body image

________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

ectomorph

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________.

emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.

eustress

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.

extrinsic

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is called ________.

fatuous

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

five factor model

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to smoke 2 fewer cigarettes each day, then asking them to quit altogether

Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following is an example of interpersonal behavior?

group processes

What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus?

groupthink

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

her own conscious experience

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

manifest

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

What is groupthink?

modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.

more than one gene

________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.

motivation

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

moving with people

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

negative

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

neuroticism

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

The empirical method of study is based on ________.

observation

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

reticular formation

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

social psychology

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

social support

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

temperature, touch, and pain

Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?

temperature, touch, and pain

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?

Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

38. Which of the following is a way that anorexia nervosa is different from bulimia nervosa?

Anorexia is associated with starvation, and bulimia is associated with binge eating.

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.

Asch

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.5

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?

Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

What is amplitude?

Height of a wave

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

What was the most controversial claim in Arthur Jensen's article, "How Much Can We Boost I.Q. and Achievement?"

Level II intelligence is most prevalent among Asians, followed by Caucasians, then African Americans.

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Naomi believes she can successfully complete law school.

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potential

Billie is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger, more capable people.

ageist

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

archetype

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

archival

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

autism spectrum disorder

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can't remember the lyrics

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.

biological; psychological

Etiology is another word for ________.

causes

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

chronic

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

A psychological disorder is a ________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.

dependent

Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?

depersonalization

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

What is described by the concept of perception?

how interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

Katia is experiencinga state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

hypnosis

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.

instinct

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

it is complex

Taylor is a social worker. He is overworked, his caseload is overwhelming, and he no longer believes that what he does on a day-to-day basis has any real impact or improves anyone's life. Taylor is probably suffering from ________.

job burnout

The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

just-world

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?

knowing your opinion is correct

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

Angela transfers to a new high school for gifted children and has trouble making friends. She expected this and plans to change it by joining more after school clubs and sitting next to different people at lunch. She believes she has effective options for dealing with the stressor of having no friends; therefore, she experiences ________.

less stress than someone who has no effective options

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opiod

Lydia is often described as having a positive outlook on life. She assumes the best of people and situations. Lydia exemplifies ________.

optimism

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

orbitofrontal cortex

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

outside periods of REM sleep

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

parasomnia

________ are subjects of psychological research.

participants

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

pheromone

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

phlegmatic

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Which of the following is the time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm?

refractory period

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is called ________.

romantic

________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.

safety behaviors

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.

self-serving bias

Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This is an example of ________.

self-serving bias

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

set point

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.

subliminal message

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.

the use of reinforcement and punishment

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down processing

What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

Dr. Frobish possesses a ________ behavior pattern because she is an intensively driven workaholic, preoccupied with deadlines, and always seems to be in a rush.

type A

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior