Psychology Final SG

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4-year old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums

In the visual system, the main function of rods and cones is to

convert light into electrochemical impulses

Which of the following attitudes are central to the scientific approach to psychology

critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity

which of the following terms refers to a person's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

crystallized intelligence

To remember the information presented in her psychology textbook, Susan often relates it to her own life experiences. Susan's strategy is an effective memory aid because it facilitates

deep processing

Phaedra is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept away in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute Phaedra's behavior to

deindividuation

Attribution theory suggests that we tend to attribute others' behavior either to their

dispositions or their situations

Lionel is a CEO of a company that is in financial crisis. He asks his employees to brainstorm and create a list of all possible solutions to keeping the company in business. Lionel is asking his employees to engage in

divergent thinking

Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors

dominance

biomedical therapy

drug treatment

Your roommate Chuck is having difficulty in his chemistry class. He asks you for advice on how to improve his memory. You suggest that rather than trying to memorize the definitions he should learn the concept by coming up with real world examples. You tell Chuck to make links between the new information and stuff he already knows. Which of the following memory strategies are you recommending to Chuck?

elaboration/ deep processing

to alleviate the stress he feels after failing a college course, Jeremy seeks social support from his friends and family. Jeremy's behavior best illustrates

emotion-focused coping

attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are ______ processes

encoding

Jason and Alex are biologically unrelated adolescents who were adopted as infants and raised together. Which is the following are they least likely to resemble any more than they resemble a genetically unrelated adolescent from another home

extraversion

The _______ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles

frontal lobes

Mark's dog sits whenever he says "Sit." Mark now wants to teach his dog a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says "speak", but whenever Mark says "speak" the dog sits. The dog's behavior is most likely and example of

generalization

When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _______ and the cognition is described as its _________.

hardware/software

You are watching golf and see tiger woods scowl. you would be making the fundamental attribution error if you assumed that

he has an angry and volatile personality

Robert drank too much tequila last night. He spent the morning throwing up. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Robert likely react today when he smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?

he will find the scent and taste of tequila aversive

Joe has suffered a massive stroke. He finds it difficult to remember names of new people whom he meets or even to recognize them. This is because he is unable to retain any new memories after the stroke. These symptoms are most likely due to a damaged

hippocampus

Working memory

holds information temporarily while performing cognitive tasks

In a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 in hospital Y, and 25 babies in hospital Z. At which hospital is there the greatest probability that more than 60 percent of the babies are of the same sex?

hospital Z

long-term potentiation is a concept that explains

how memory functions at the neuron level

A test taker of the ______ is asked to tell a story about each of the pictures, including events leading up to the situation described, the characters' thoughts and feelings, and the way the situation turns out

Thematic Apperception Test

Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect that neurological trauma can have on short term memory. He collects information from a small number of individuals who have experienced brain damage. Then he attempts to create a depth portrait of each individual. What type of research method did he use?

a case study

Which of the following statements best describes conformity?

a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Spearman's g factor refers to

a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks

in classical conditioning therapies, maladaptive symptoms are usually considered to be

conditioned responses

classical counterconditioning

applying a new unconditioned stimulus to the conditioned stimulus (ex: if someone is scared of snakes, you present something happy into the situation while the snake is present. Happy=snake)

fluid intelligence

applying knowledge

Incorporating new information into existing theories is to _______ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to _______

assimilation, accommodation

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events is called

associative learning

Many researchers believe that adult styles of trust within relationships (both romantic and friendly) correspond with childhood patterns of

attachement

the process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as

attribution

which of the following is most likely to help us empathize with others

automatic mimicry

In treating alcohol use disorder, therapists have clients consume alcohol that contains a nausea-producing drug. This technique is known as

aversive conditioning

Which of the following components are essential to the definition of consciousness?

awareness and arousal

in one treatment for bed-wetting, the child sleeps on a liquid-sensitive pad that when wet, triggers an alarm and awakens the child. This treatment is a form of

behavior therapy

a prototype is a

best example of a particular category

The term plasticity refers to the

brain's special capacity for modification and change

depression

build up of learned helplessness

Allison is at a workshop where a presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The arguments for investing appeal to logic and reason. After slowly and carefully considering the presenter's arguments, Alison finds that this person's idea sounds compelling and decides to invest. This example best demonstrates the

central route to persuasion

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, CIACBSABCFBIIRS, Mary reorganizes them as CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of

chunking

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

classical conditioning

Sarah feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and as a result hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books with airplanes because they make her uncomfortable. This is an example of

classical conditioning

Although a few keys on the piano were broken, Shana mentally filled in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of

closure

Lauren is at the airport waiting for her flight. She initiates a friendly conversation with another passenger. Despite the noise at the airport and multiple announcements being made Lauren is able to focus on what the passenger is saying. This best illustrates the

cocktail-party effect

__________ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts

cognitive dissonance

Which of the following correctly differentiates between sensory memory and short-term memory

compared with sensory memory, short-term memory is limited in capacity

Basketball, football, baseball, and soccer all fit into the _______ of sports.

concept

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Typically, before he conducts a pop quiz for his students, he shuts the classroom door. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In this case, closing the door has become a

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light?

cones

The tendency to search for an use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as

confirmation bias

We are NOT likely to make the fundamental attribution error if we observe someone

in a variety of situations

cognitive changes that accompany depression include an

increased expectation of negative outcomes

systematic desensitization

increasing levels of "severity" of the conditioned stimulus (ex: if someone is scared of snakes, you slowly show them pictures or videos of snakes to get them used to it)

In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage was the

independent variable

In experimental research, the _________ is a manipulated experimental factor and _________ is the outcome

independent variable/dependent variable

Porsha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Porsha now believes that all students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring. Porsha is using

inductive reasoning

Psychological research involves studying a sample of participants in order to draw conclusions about the population from which the sample is drawn. This is an example of

inductive reasoning

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of

insecure attachment

dysfunctional behaviors are maladaptive, which mean that they

interfere with normal day-to-day life

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by ________ reinforcement

intermittent

Carmella, Jorge and Gail were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, so Ruth perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrated the principle of

interposition

psychotherapy

interpretation of "mental blocks" (ex: talk therapy) [focuses on history -childhood]

A synapse is a

junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ______ memory into ______ memory

long-term; working

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of

object permanence

your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. which trait is she likely high on?

openness

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through

operant conditioning

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk mail into small pieces of papers which she then throws away. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective Styrofoam packing material. She uses the shredded junk mail as an alternative. In this case Monica has

overcome functional fixedness

Depressed people explain their failures in terms that are internal, stable and global. Their explanations tend to be self-focused and

overgeneralized

rumination

overthinking (fixation on problems)

Fred's parents are very inconsistent with their childrearing rules. Most of the time Fred can climb on the furniture but sometimes he is punished. Fred's parents cant understand why he isn't a well-behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a

partial-reinforcement schedule

Rachel is walking in the woods and feels a sudden pain the back of her neck. Due to the nature of the pain she realizes that she has been stung by a bee. In this scenario, which of the following processes has most likely helped her identify the source of her pain

perception

Cynthia and John were best friends through their school years. Cynthia now works in a café and has become good friends with her colleague, Jim. However, Cynthia often finds herself referring to Jim as John even though she has not spoken to John for at least four years. Cynthia's confusion with these names may be attributed to the occurrence of

proactive interference

humanistic therapy

promote personal growth and change for the future (uses active listening)

operant-contingency management

putting a system in place to create a system of rewards/punishments

According to Piaget, during the formal operational stage people begin to

reason abstractly

Multiple choice exams typically involve testing a student's _______ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _________ abilities

recognition/ recall

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape

the surgical removal of a large tumor from Dane's occipital lobe resulted in extensive loss of brain tissue. Dane is most likely to suffer some loss of

visual perception

Automatic processes

require lower levels of attention than controlled processes

During open brain surgery, Adam's left ankle twitched whenever the surgeon electrically stimulated a specific area within Adam's

right frontal lobe

George is looking at the colors on a paint swatch card to select the right shade of red for his wall. He is able to differentiate between the various shades of red and make a decision. His perception of the differences in the shades can be attributed to the ________ of light reflecting from the shades.

wavelengths

Which of the following is a function of the myelin sheath?

speed up the transmission of nerve impulses

Marcia is no longer romantically involved with ohn as they broke up after a 3 year relationship. They have no interaction with one another. One day in the mall, she smells cologne that John would always wear. All the former good feelings came pouring back, the sudden onset of good feelings triggered by the cologne is an example of

spontaneous recovery

depressive type of coping

stable, global, and internal

A ________ is a generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another

stereotype

When conducting an experiment on time management, Jamie assigns everyone who arrives before noon to the experimental group and everyone who arrives after noon to the control group. In the context of experimental research methods, what is wrong with Jamie's experiment?

Jamie has not used true random assingment

behavior therapy

applies principles of learning (ex: classical counterconditioning)

Dr. Simpson finds a positive .50 correlation between ice cream sales and violent crimes in a community. Which of the following represents the best interpretation of this result?

a third variable, such as heat, may account for the association between ice cream sales and violent crime

crystallized intelligence

accumulating facts or knowledge

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

action potential

Echoing, restating, and clarifying what a client expresses is most central to the process of

active listening

introversion and extraversion are characteristics patterns of behavior that

aim to regulate arousal around baseline

the three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of intelligence

analytical, creative and practical

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

intelligence

mental potential to learn, problem-solve and adapt to new situations

If two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived to be

more distant

Peggy's use of foul language decreased because it was followed by the loss of her 5$ weekly allowance. Taking away Peggy's allowance served as ________ for her foul language

negative punishment

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrated _______ in operant conditioning

negative reinforcement

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated

a decrease of these neurotransmitters when you are depressed

norepinephrine and seratonin

g (general intelligence)

numerical, spatial and verbal abilities mainly for solving familiar problems in unfamiliar contexts

Psychologists define stress as

the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events

Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the

person-situation controversy

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a

positive reinforcer

Jenny suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state (GA). Although she lives in GA, she has recently visited Oregon and Washington where marijuana is not prohibited by law. She ultimately decides she fits in and feels more like a citizen of the Western United States and smokes some marijuana to ease her pain. Jenny's final decision is demonstrating Kohlberg's _______ level of morality.

postconventional

Avoiding physical punishment is to _______ morality as respecting the laws of society is to _______ morality

preconventional; conventional

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?

preoperational

You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top now. the child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which pf Piaget's stages?

preoperational

A _________ reinforce is innately satisfying and it does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable

primary

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ________ schedule of reinforcement

variable-ratio

While engrossed in reading a novel, Raoul isn't easily distracted by the sounds of the TV or even by his brothers' loud arguments. This best illustrates

selective attention

Cathy just got transferred to a new department, but she has long believed that her new supervisor is a cranky, disagreeable, critical person. According to the confirmation bias, what will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisors department?

she will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them?

she will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with

Derek is watching an airplane fly by. The plane seems to get smaller as it goes farther away. Which of the following aspects of perceptual constancy allows Derek to understand that the airplane is not getting smaller?

size constancy

Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively

slow and especially effective for solving new problems

Tyree is a skilled cyclist. When practicing on a stationary bike, his coach finds that when the women's cycling team enters the gym, his speed seems to increase significantly. Tyree's increase in speed illustrates.

social facilitation

Drew is working on a class project in which he needs a high grade because the class is required for his major. The others in his group are aware of that and also know that Drew is an excellent student. Drew finds that the others are depending on him to do that vast majority of the work. The others in Drew's group are demonstrating

social loafing

Although the volume of the television is low, Katherine does not hear her phone ring when she is watching a movie that she likes. In this scenario, Katherine is demonstrating

subliminal perception

Structures in the cerebral cortex that are involved in hearing, language processing, and memory are called

temporal lobes

successful type of coping

temporary, specific and external

Baby Janice knows that when she is put in her highchair it is time to eat. So when her father puts her in her highchair and hands her a book Janice puts the book in her mouth. According to Piaget, Janice's behavior can be best explained by

the assimilation process

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

the availability heurisitc

The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best illustrates the influence of

the environment

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This principle is called

the law of effect

The axon is

the part of the neuron that carries information away from the cell body toward other cells

which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain

the prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood

Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because

the presence of other individuals arouses us (physiologically)

Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake, who is a tall, lanky man. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors ________ in this scenario

the representativeness heuristic

George has just graduated from college and is going on his first big job interview. He has learned that there are 10 other applicants for the job. On account of information on the serial position effect that he learned in his psychology class, George prefers to be either the first or the last candidate interviewed. Why does he want to be interviewed as the first or last candidate?

the serial position effect predicts that either the first or the last job applicant interviewed will be remembered better than the applicant interviewed second

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

the whole is different from the sum of its parts

Mrs. Robinson shows her students different fruits everyday. At the end of the month she tests the children by showing them pictures of the same fruits to see if they will recognize them. The children are able to accurately recall the names of all the fruits. Which of the following processes is specifically involved in the children's successful recall?

top-down processing

According to theory of socioemotional/psychosocial development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

trust vs. mistrust

In Aldous Huxley's brave new world, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this example, the loud noise is the

unconditioned stimulus