Psychology Final Study Guide

Ch8 - Who probably has the highest basal metabolic rate? A) Tyler, a 10-year-old boy B) Kayla, a 16-year-old girl C) Alexandra, a 22-year-old woman D) Luis, a 40-year-old man

A) Tyler, a 10-year-old boy

Ch4 - Sheena was describing a dream she had about her psychology class to a friend. "During the dream, I realized it was a dream, and I didn't like the way the dream was going so I went back to the beginning of the dream and started it over," she explained to her astonished friend. What had Sheena experienced? A) a lucid dream B) REM sleep behavior disorder C) REM rebound D) a hypnagogic hallucination

A) a lucid dream

Ch12 - Conformity is defined as: A) adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation. B) the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command. C) any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless. D) helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit.

A) adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

Ch5 - The evolutionary approach to classical conditioning emphasizes that: A) an animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is capable of learning. B) stimuli that are related to reproduction are most likely to produce classically conditioned responses. C) the general rules of classical conditioning are the same regardless of the response being conditioned. D) primates and humans are less susceptible to classical conditioning procedures than lower animals like reptiles and fish.

A) an animal's unique characteristics and natural behavior patterns can influence what it is

Ch8 - Which of the following is a hormone that helps signal feelings of fullness when eating a meal? A) cholecystokinin B) insulin C) neuropeptide Y D) ghrelin

A) cholecystokinin

Ch8 - A regulatory process called _____ helps you maintain your baseline body weight. A) energy homeostasis B) positive energy balance C) negative energy balance D) leptin resistance

A) energy homeostasis

Ch8 - Which of the following is referred to as "the hunger hormone"? A) ghrelin B) insulin C) glucose D) cholecystokinin

A) ghrelin

Ch5 - College students who experience feelings of learned helplessness may respond to academic setbacks, such as failing a test, by: A) giving up prematurely on subsequent academic tasks or procrastinating instead of persisting. B) becoming more motivated to succeed and increasing their efforts on subsequent academic tasks. C) expressing their frustration through angry outbursts or other violent behavior. D) pairing up with a successful student and imitating that student's study habits.

A) giving up prematurely on subsequent academic tasks or procrastinating instead of persisting

Ch4 - According to Freud's dream interpretation theory, phallic symbols are: A) images of sticks, swords, and other elongated objects that represent the penis. B) repressed representations of objects we encounter on a daily basis. C) images of cupboards, boxes, and ovens, which symbolize the vagina. D) the most common images to occur in the dreams of both males and females.

A) images of sticks, swords, and other elongated objects that represent the penis

Ch12 - The _____ is a computer-based test that measures the degree to which you associate particular groups of people with specific characteristics or attributes and is based on the assumption that people can sort images and words more easily when concepts seem to match, or go together. A) Implicit Association Test B) Thematic Apperception Test C) Rorschach test D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A) implicit association test

Ch4 - Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located? A) in the hypothalamus in the brain B) in the retina of each eye C) in the pineal gland D) in the primary visual cortex at the back of the brain

A) in the hypothalamus in the brain

Ch9 - The newly born infant: a. is able to see near objects more clearly than distant objects. b. is capable of a variety of voluntary behaviors, including rolling over. c. is unable to distinguish between different voices. d. has no sense of smell.

A) is able to see near objects more clearly than distant objects

Ch4 - Color-coded MRI scans of chronic methamphetamine users showed that they had: A) lost up to 10 percent of their brain tissue in limbic system areas involved in emotion and reward. B) experienced a sharp increase in the number of dopamine receptors and a sharp decrease in the number of serotonin receptors. C) experienced significant growth in the hippocampal area of the brain, which improved their scores on standard memory tests. D) developed hypersensitivity to a wide range of addictive drugs, including cocaine, heroin, and barbiturates.

A) lost up to 10 percent of their brain tissue in limbic system areas involved in emotion and reward.

Ch3 - Proprioceptors are to _____ as nociceptors are to _____. A) movement; pain B) taste; smell C) pain; movement D) olfaction; gustation

A) movement; pain

Ch9 - When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents; when parents neglect the infant, are inconsistent, or insensitive to the infant's needs, the infant is likely to develop a(n) _____ attachment to the parents. a. secure; insecure b. familiar; strange c. easy; difficult d. insecure; secure

A) secure; insecure

Ch3 - Our perception of sound is directly related to the physical properties of: A) sound waves. B) light waves. C) electromagnetic waves. D) chemical substances.

A) sound waves

Ch8 - Which brain structure is activated first when people view threatening or fearful faces? A) the amygdala B) the hypothalamus C) the cerebellum D) the medulla

A) the amygdala

Ch3 - How are auditory stimuli transmitted to the brain? A) The bending of hair cells stimulates the auditory nerve. B) Sound waves travel directly from the vibrations in the anvil, hammer, and stirrup to the auditory cortex. C) The vibration of the oval window directly stimulates the auditory nerve. D) The basilar membrane uncoils, stimulating the auditory nerve.

A) the bending of hair cells stimulates the auditory nerve

Ch8 - Motivation is defined as: A) the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that act on or within an organism to activate and direct behavior. B) an impulse that activates behavior to reduce a need and restore homeostasis. C) full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, and potentialities. D) a distinct psychological state that involves subjective experience, physical arousal, and a behavioral expression or response.

A) the biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that act on or within an organism to activate and direct behavior

Increased brain activity of neuropeptide Y leads to _____, and decreased brain activity of the hormone leptin leads to _____. A) weight gain; weight gain B) weight loss; weight loss C) weight gain; weight loss D) weight loss; weight gain

A) weight gain; weight gain

Ch12 - If Jerome takes part in a replication of Milgram's obedience experiments that involves observing two other "teachers" refusing to continue, it is very likely that Jerome: A) will also refuse to continue administering shock at the highest level. B) will give more shocks at the highest level to compensate for the two teachers who quit. C) will demand to be paid more money for continuing with the experiment. D) will report their noncompliance to the experimenter.

A) will also refuse to continue administering shock at the highest level

Ch4 - Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE? A) Women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men. B) Blood levels of alcohol will rise more slowly if food is consumed while drinking an alcoholic beverage. C) For the person who is physically addicted to alcohol, withdrawal from alcohol causes hyperexcitability in the brain. D) Alcohol's effects on the brain are global.

A) women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men

Ch5 - Rats can most easily be classically conditioned to learn an association between: A) a flashing light and a taste. B) a taste and physical discomfort, such as nausea or illness. C) a loud noise and a taste. D) a taste and a painful event, such as electric shock.

B) a taste and physical discomfort, such as nausea or illness

Ch4 - Tranquilizers are: A) chemically similar to barbiturates but produce much more powerful effects. B) depressants that relieve anxiety. C) stimulants such as OxyContin and oxycodone. D) inhaled to produce changes in consciousness.

B) depressants that relieve anxiety

Ch3 - What path do chronic, long-lasting pain messages travel? A) from the spinal cord to the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex B) from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and thalamus, and then to the limbic system C) from the spinal cord to the motor cortex to the somatosensory cortex D) from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus to the frontal lobes to the motor cortex

B) from the spinal cord to the hypothalamus and thalamus, and then to the limbic system

Ch8 - Morgan has a body mass index of 22, which means that she is: A) underweight. B) in the healthy weight range. C) overweight, but not obese. D) obese.

B) in the healthy weight range

Ch5 - Negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated, and positive punishment _____ the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases

B) increases; decreases

Ch3 - Distance cues that require the use of only one eye are called _____ cues. A) kinesthetic B) monocular C) binocular D) vestibular

B) monocular

Ch5 - Mindy is in nursing school and is learning how to measure a patient's blood pressure. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for measuring blood pressure and then demonstrates these same procedures using Mindy as a "patient." Mindy and her class are learning how to measure blood pressure in patients through the use of: A) operant conditioning. B) observational learning. C) latent learning. D) classical conditioning

B) observational learning

Ch5 - When Micah was two years old, he was frightened by his Aunt Mabel's little dog, which nipped him on the leg. Because of the incident, Micah developed a strong fear of small dogs but not of large dogs. This best illustrates: A) spontaneous recovery. B) stimulus discrimination. C) stimulus generalization. D) higher order conditioning.

B) stimulus discrimination

Ch3 - An ambulance passes you on the highway and speeds into the distance. As the ambulance gets farther away, its retinal image shrinks. Nevertheless, you still perceive the ambulance as being the same size. How do you arrive at this conclusion? A) You use the Gestalt principle called the law of good continuation. B) The brain integrates information about the size of the retinal image and the relative distance of the ambulance. C) You rely on the cues of relative size and overlap to determine the size of the ambulance. D) The retinal image of the ambulance shrinks, but binocular cues and accommodation help determine its actual size and location.

B) the brain integrates information about the size of the retinal image and the relative

Ch4 - Attention is: A) your immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the world around you. B) the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts and sensations. C) a technique that involves mentally repeating a mantra. D) an altered state of consciousness defined by a heightened state of suggestibility.

B) the capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external

Ch5 - Pavlov found that a conditioned response would be stronger if: A) the UCS was not paired with the CS. B) the interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds. C) the UCS always came before the CS. D) the interval between the CS and the UCS was an hour or longer.

B) the interval between the CS and the UCS was no more than a few seconds

Ch5 - Which famous psychologist said the following? "It became my mission in life to help create a positive psychology whose mission would be the understanding and building of positive emotion, of strength and virtue, and of positive institutions." A) B. F. Skinner B) John Garcia C) Martin Seligman D) Robert Rescorla

C) Martin Seligman

Ch5 - Two young psychology graduate students named _____ identified the phenomenon called learned helplessness. A) B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson B) John Garcia and Albert Bandura C) Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier D) Robert Rescorla and Edward C. Tolman

C) Martin Seligman and Stephen Maier

Ch5 - Road construction prevents you from getting to the shopping mall using the route that you usually travel. You think about the situation for a moment and then come up with a different route to take. To figure out this alternative route, you use what Tolman referred to as: A) biological preparedness. B) stimulus generalization. C) a cognitive map. D) instinctive drift.

C) a cognitive map.

Ch4 - REM sleep behavior disorder and obstructive sleep apnea are similar in that both disorders: A) tend to begin during adolescence. B) occur during stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep. C) are more common in males than in females. D) affect young children and typically occur shortly after the young child has gone to sleep.

C) are more common in males than females

Ch5 - Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning? A) After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at a day-care worker, Beth does the same thing. B) Jenny studies hard to achieve a high grade point average. C) Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small, enclosed rooms. D) Susan gives her daughter $5 a week to help with chores around the house.

C) because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Allen gets anxious in small, enclosed rooms

Ch3 - What does the optic disk cause? A) color vision B) night vision C) blind spot D) light adaptation

C) blind spot

Ch5 - Miss Cantrell began using stickers to reward her first-graders who stayed in their seats and completed their arithmetic worksheets on time. Using operant conditioning terms, Miss Cantrell is using a _____ to reward desired behavior. A) primary reinforcer B) negative reinforcer C) conditioned reinforcer D) punishment by removal

C) conditioned reinforcer

Ch8 - A _____ is sexually attracted to individuals of the opposite sex, and a _____ is attracted to individuals of the same sex. A) bisexual; heterosexual B) homosexual; bisexual C) heterosexual; homosexual D) homosexual; heterosexual

C) heterosexual; homosexual

Ch3 - The purpose of the group of bones that includes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is to: A) increase the amplification of sound and transmit the vibration to the eardrum. B) diminish the amplification of sound and transmit the vibration to the oval window. C) increase the amplification of sound and transmit the amplified vibration to the oval window. D) separate high-frequency and low-frequency sounds.

C) increase the amplification of sound and transmit the amplified vibration to the oval

Ch4 - Fred volunteered for a sleep deprivation study. After being deprived of sleep for two nights: A) he is very likely to experience episodes of cataplexy. B) he will feel refreshed and alert once he gets his "second wind." C) it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills. D) it is very probable that he will develop one of the most common dyssomnias, transient insomnia.

C) it is very probable that he will experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction

Ch3 - An injury could stimulate _____, which are specialized sensory receptors for pain. A) proprioceptors B) pheromones C) nociceptors D) kinesthetic receptors

C) nociceptors

Ch5 - The early "school" or approach to psychology called behaviorism emphasized the scientific study of: A) mental processes in humans and animals B) the cognitive process involved in human and animal intelligence C) observable behaviors, rather than mental processes D) how associations are formed between mental events and overt behaviors

C) observable behaviors, rather than mental processes

Ch8 - The body mass index: A) is a pseudoscientific indicator of eating disorders. B) is a measure of the levels of insulin, glucose, and neuropeptide Y in the bloodstream. C) provides a single number reflecting a person's weight in relation to his or her height. D) indicates the rate at which energy for vital body functions is expended while a person is resting.

C) provides a single number reflecting a person's weight in relation to his or her height

Ch3 - A large globe of the world sits at the front of your geography classroom. No matter the angle at which you view the globe, you still perceive it as a round globe. This is an example of: A) the law of similarity. B) aerial perspective. C) shape constancy. D) figure-ground relationship.

C) shape constancy

Ch4 - A parasomnia that involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during NREM stage 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep, such as masturbation, sleepsex talking, groping or fondling a bed partner's genitals, or sexual intercourse, is called: A) narcolepsy. B) somnambulism. C) sleepsex. D) REM sleep behavior disorder.

C) sleepsex

Ch12 - Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Several officers, including a lieutenant colonel, were court-martialed and sentenced to lengthy prison terms for the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib in Iraq. B) All of the prisoners who were mistreated at Abu Ghraib were convicted terrorists who were being held at Abu Ghraib until they could be transferred to a maximum-security prison in another part of Iraq. C) Some military personnel protested the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib and reported the prisoner abuse to higher authorities. D) The mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib was the result of direct orders from the commanding officer in charge of the prison.

C) some military personnel protested the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib and reported the prisoner abuse to higher authorities.

Ch3 - Chemical signals have been shown to affect human hormones and behavior in which of the following phenomena? A) increasing olfactory and auditory sensitivity B) fighting among males, especially teenage males C) the regulation of the female menstrual cycle D) detecting the presence of a sexually receptive partner

C) the regulation of the female menstrual cycle

Ch4 - If people abstain from a drug after they have become addicted to it, they may experience _____, which include(s) craving for the drug and unpleasant physical reactions that are sometimes the opposite of the drug's original effects. A) psychoactive effects B) physical dependence C) withdrawal symptoms D) tolerance symptoms

C) withdrawal symptoms

Ch8 - One reason you eat is to maintain a reserve of stored energy, and _____ tissue is the main source of stored calories in the body. A) leptin B) insulin C) muscle D) adipose

D) adipose

Ch12 - Person perception is an active and subjective process that always occurs in some interpersonal context. Every interpersonal context involves: A) the characteristics of the individual you are attempting to size up. B) your own self-perception and goals. C) the specific situation in which the process occurs. D) All of these factors are involved.

D) all of these factors are involved

Ch4 - According to the Focus on Neuroscience, "The Addicted Brain," heroin, cocaine, amphetamines, alcohol, and nicotine all affect levels of which of the following neurotransmitters? A) endorphins B) GABA C) serotonin D) dopamine

D) dopamine

Ch12 - The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. A) self-serving bias; self-effacing bias B) fundamental attribution bias; just-world hypothesis C) self-effacing bias; self-serving bias D) hindsight bias; blaming the victim

D) hindsight bias; blaming the victim

Ch8 - Which of the following is secreted by the pancreas, helps control blood levels of glucose, and promotes the uptake of glucose by the muscles and other body tissues? A) cholecystokinin B) dopamine C) leptin D) insulin

D) insulin

Ch5 - Behavior that is conditioned with _____ reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction. A) continuous; more B) partial; less C) no; more D) partial; more

D) partial; more

Ch12 - The Focus on Neuroscience box "Brain Reward When Making Eye Contact with Attractive People" describes an fMRI study. The results of the study showed that when we make direct eye contact with a physically attractive person, a brain area called the ventral striatum is activated. When the attractive person's eye gaze is shifted away from the viewer, activity in the ventral striatum decreases. The ventral striatum is the brain area that: A) processes information about moving objects. B) suppresses the instinctual fight-or-flight response. C) triggers the instinctual fight-or-flight response. D) predicts reward.

D) predicts reward

Ch3 - A common form of farsightedness that occurs in middle age in which the lenses in the eyes become brittle and inflexible is known as: A) myopia. B) astigmatism. C) hyperopia. D) presbyopia.

D) presbyopia

Ch3 - John puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about 10 minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates: A) the mere exposure effect B) the just noticeable difference, or jnd. C) accommodation. D) sensory adaptation.

D) sensory adaptation

Ch8 - According to set-point theory, the natural or optimal weight that the body maintains by increases or decreases in hunger and basal metabolic rate is called the: A) settling-point weight. B) body mass index weight. C) basal metabolic weight. D) set-point weight.

D) set-point weight

Ch4 - Dyssomnias are: A) conditions in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original desired effect. B) sleep disorders involving undesirable physical arousal, behaviors, or events during sleep or sleep transitions and including sleep terrors, sleepsex, sleepwalking, sleeprelated eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder. C) maladaptive behavioral patterns that result in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or maladaptive patterns in legal or psychological problems. D) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.

D) sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

Ch4 - During episodes of obstructive sleep apnea, the: A) sleeper verbally and physically responds to the dream story. B) sleeper sleepwalks to the kitchen and eats compulsively. C) sleeper engages in abnormal sexual behaviors without any awareness of doing so. D) sleeper's airway becomes narrowed or blocked, causing very shallow breathing or repeated pauses in breathing, disrupting sleep.

D) sleeper's airway becomes narrowed or blocked, causing very shallow breathing or repeated pauses in breathing, disrupting sleep.

Ch12 - While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," you mumble to yourself as you resume eating. You have just committed an attributional bias called: A) hindsight bias. B) the self-serving bias. C) the self-effacing bias. D) the fundamental attribution error

D) the fundamental attribution error

Ch5 - Caleb had a wonderful time on his first date with Shauna. Because of this, he asked Shauna to go out on a second date. What best explains why Caleb asks Shauna for another date? A) latent learning B) response generalization C) spontaneous recovery D) the law of effect

D) the law of effect

Ch8 - The receptor sites for leptin and insulin: A) are located in the same areas of the hypothalamus. B) are located primarily in muscle tissue. C) have yet to be identified, although evidence tentatively suggests that they are located in the lining of the stomach. D) are greatly reduced in people who are obese.

a) are located in the same areas of the hypothalamus

Ch9 - The three basic parenting styles described by psychologist Diana Baumrind are: a. authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive. b. authoritarian, inductive, and permissive. c. ambivalent, authoritarian, and permissive. d. permissive-indulgent, authoritative, and ambivalent

a) authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive

Ch12 - A cross-cultural researcher who investigates conformity in both collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures is generally likely to find that: A) conformity tends to be higher in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. B) conformity tends to be lower in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. C) there is no difference in the level of conformity between collectivistic cultures and individualistic cultures. D) conformity in individualistic cultures does not seem to carry the same negative connotations that it does in collectivistic cultures.

a) conformity tends to be higher in collectivistic cultures than in an individualistic cultures.

Ch11 - According to reciprocal determinism: a. human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. b. human behavior is determined by the unconscious personality dynamics that give rise to self-efficacy. c. unconscious and conscious forces operate together to determine the nature of personality. d. genes interact with the environment to determine human personality.

a) human behavior and personality are caused by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors.

Ch11 - Which of the following is referred to as the "third force" in psychology? a. humanistic psychology b. the social cognitive perspective on personality c. the neo-Freudian approach d. the trait perspective on personality

a) humanistic psychology

Ch12 - Harrison is a handsome young man. Other people are most likely to perceive him as being: A) more intelligent, happier, and better adjusted than other people. B) less socially competent than unattractive people. C) more lonely, less popular, and more anxious in social situations than other people. D) much the same as less attractive people.

a) more intelligent, happier, and better adjusted than other people

Ch9 - According to the activity theory of aging: a. older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their level of activity. b. older adults should gradually disengage from their social, vocational, and relationship roles and decrease their overall level of activity. c. as people move from middle adulthood to older adulthood, they should greatly increase their level of activity. d. older adults should postpone retirement for as long as possible in order to maintain their physical health.

a) older adults will achieve the highest level of life satisfaction if they maintain their level of activity.

Ch9 - Lawrence Kohlberg is best known for: a. proposing an influential theory of moral development. b. proposing the psychosocial theory of development throughout the lifespan. c. his research with infants showing that object permanence emerges at an earlier age than believed. d. formulating the gender schema theory of development.

a) proposing an influential theory of moral development

Ch12 - Of the following factors, which is NOT one that will make you more likely to conform to the group's norms? A) You have already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion. B) You are strongly attracted to the group and want to be a member of it. C) You are facing a unanimous majority of four or five people. D) You must give your response in front of the group.

a) you have already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion.

Ch11 - Which of the following personality theorists emphasized conscious thoughts and experience? a. Carl Jung and Karen Horney b. Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura c. Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney d. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung

b) Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura

Ch11 - Regarding projective tests, which of the following statements is FALSE? a. When they administer a projective test, different examiners may arrive at different conclusions about the same individual. b. Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior. c. The scoring of projective tests is very subjective. d. Projective tests often produce inconsistent results.

b) Projective tests are extremely accurate in predicting future behavior.

Ch9 - Piaget believed that each child: a. passively soaks up information about the world. b. actively tries to make sense of his or her environment. c. is biologically programmed to learn any language. d. progresses through a series of eight stages of psychosocial development.

b) actively tries to make sense of his or her environment

Ch11 - Reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism that involves: a. attributing one's own unacceptable urges to others. b. behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses. c. channeling sexual urges into productive, nonsexual activities. d. atoning for an unacceptable thought or action with a second action or thought.

b) behaving in a way that is the extreme opposite of unacceptable urges or impulses.

Ch9 - On a rainy afternoon, 5-year-old Nathan had great fun building a pirate ship using the cushions from the couch and several kitchen chairs. Nathan's imaginary play reflects his capacity for _____, which is a characteristic of the _____ stage of cognitive development. a. abstract reasoning; concrete operational b. symbolic thought; preoperational c. conservation; preoperational d. object permanence; preoperational

b) symbolic thought; preoperational

Ch9 - Your textbook describes the classic conservation task in which a 5-year-old child observes equal amounts of liquid in two identical short, wide containers. The child watches as liquid is poured from one short, wide container into a tall, thin container, and is then asked which container holds more water. How does a typical 5 year old respond? a. "Both containers have the same amount of water." b. "The short, wide container has more water." c. "The tall, thin container has more water." d. "I have to go to the bathroom."

c) "The tall, thin container has more water."

Ch11 - Womb envy is to _____ as penis envy is to _____. a. Horney; Adler b. Jung; Freud c. Horney; Freud d. Jung; Adler

c) Horney; Freud

Ch11 - In psychology, the term personality refers to: a. a person's skill in making others feel good about himself or herself. b. the socially desirable characteristics that a person typically displays. c. an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. d. the way people perceive a particular person.

c) an individual's unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Ch9 - According to Erikson's theory, in late adulthood, regret is to _____ as self-acceptance and pride is to _____. a. inferiority; industry b. stagnation; generativity c. despair; ego integrity d. isolation; intimacy

c) despair; ego integrity

Ch9 - According to Erikson's theory, the psychosocial conflict that needs to be resolved during adolescence is: a. trust versus mistrust. b. ego integrity versus despair. c. identity versus role confusion. d. initiative versus guilt.

c) identity versus role confusion

Ch9 - According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are: a. finding a mate and having children. b. managing investments and planning for retirement. c. love and work. d. divorce and remarriage

c) love and work

Ch9 - In Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning, the conventional level is characterized by: a. concern for the rights of all members of society. b. moral reasoning based self-interest, avoiding punishment, and maximizing personal gain. c. moral reasoning guided by conformity to social roles, rules, obligations, and expectations. d. self-chosen ethical principles that reflect the person's respect for ideals such as nonviolence, equality, and democratically determined laws.

c) moral reasoning guided by conformity to social rules, rules, obligations, and expectations

Ch12 - Which of the following statements regarding Milgram's research is FALSE? A) Milgram's series of experiments eventually came to include approximately 1,000 subjects. B) It was criticized for causing the subjects emotional stress, tension, loss of dignity, and loss of self-esteem. C) Most of the subjects reported that they were emotionally traumatized by the experience and were sorry to have been in the experiment. D) It demonstrated, to everyone's surprise, that the majority of subjects would obey an authority figure even if it apparently meant hurting a stranger.

c) most of the subjects reported that they were emotionally traumatized by the experience and were sorry to have been in the experiment.

Ch12 - In a series of variations of his obedience experiments, Milgram found that the subjects were LEAST likely to deliver high levels of shocks when: A) the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution, such as Yale University. B) there was physical and psychological separation between the "teacher" and the "learner." C) teachers were free to choose the level of shock. D) the experimenter took responsibility for the learner's well-being

c) teachers were free to choose the level of shock

Ch11 - Which of the following personality theorists emphasized unconscious motives? a. Hans Eysenck and Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura c. Hans Eysenck and Raymond Cattell d. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

d) Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

Ch9 - An infant's _____ vocabulary develops faster than his _____ vocabulary. a. expressive; descriptive b. preoperational; postoperational c. production; comprehension d. comprehension; production

d) comprehension; production

Ch11 - Five-year-old Sam begins to cry when he discovers that his pet turtle has died. His father scolds Sam for crying and says, "Big boys don't cry." According to Carl Rogers, because Sam's father is using _____, Sam is likely to _____ his feelings of sadness in the future. a. punishment; exaggerate b. ego defense mechanisms; rationalize c. unconditional positive regard; accept d. conditional positive regard; deny

d) conditional positive regard; deny

Ch11 - In Carl Rogers's personality theory, the term _____ refers to a condition in which a person's emotions and experiences are consistent with his sense of self. a. conditional positive regard b. unconditional positive regard c. displacement d. congruence

d) congruence

Ch11 - According to Eysenck's theory, the four basic personality types are: a. conscientious; agreeable; open to experience; and extraverted. b. psychotic-extraverted; psychotic-introverted; psychotic-stable; and psychotic-unstable. c. extraverted-introverted; sensing-intuitive; thinking-feeling; and perceiving-judging. d. extraverted-neurotic; extraverted-stable; introverted-neurotic; and introverted-stable.

d) extraverted-neurotic; extraverted-stable; introverted-neurotic; and introverted-stable

Ch11 - John has been classified as high in introversion. Eysenck would predict that: a. his nervous system is not as easily aroused as is an extravert's nervous system. b. he would prefer a quiet environment, because he would tend to react to new stimuli less intensely than an extravert would. c. he would seek out and thrive in a highly stimulating environment. d. he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation.

d) he would seek out and thrive in an environment that offered a relatively low level of stimulation

Ch8 - Howard experienced brain damage that left him without the capacity to feel emotions but with the ability to reason. According to the discussion in your psychology text, people like Howard are likely to: A) make excellent decisions that are very rational and logical, because they are not influenced by their emotions. B) lose their ability to use gestures and facial expressions when speaking to others. C) excel at math, logical puzzles, and games like chess. D) make disastrous decisions.

d) make disastrous decisions

Ch9 - Psychologist Renée Baillargeon found that three-and-a-half-month-old infants appeared surprised when they watched a carrot pass behind a screen but fail to appear in a window in the screen. According to Baillargeon, this suggests that infants understand _____ at a much earlier age than Piaget suggested. a. conservation b. centration c. symbolic thought d. object permanence

d) object permanence

Ch11 - According to Freud, the basic goals of the id are to: a. punish the self by inflicting feelings of guilt and inferiority. b. channel sexual and aggressive urges in socially acceptable ways. c. delay gratification until a socially acceptable time. d. seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones.

d) seek pleasure and immediate satisfaction of instinctual urges and drives, especially sexual ones.

Ch9 - Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is strongly influenced by: a. heredity. b. epigenetic factors. c. the opportunity to actively explore one's physical environment. d. social and cultural factors.

d) social and cultural factors

Ch11 - Freud's famous technique of free association involved patients: a. instantly responding to each of fifty words that Freud read to them. b. making up a story about an ambiguous picture. c. looking at inkblots and interpreting what they saw. d. spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.

d) spontaneously reporting mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they came to mind.

Ch11 - Which approach to personality focuses primarily on describing individual differences? a. the social cognitive perspective b. the psychoanalytic perspective c. the humanistic perspective d. the trait perspective

d) the trait perspective