Psychology

The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the

. somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Autism spectrum disorder is now diagnosed in ________ American children by 8 years of age.

1 in 68

What are the functions of the glial cells ?

1. They guide neural connections. 2. They clean up after neurons communicate with one another. 3. They provide nutrients and insulating myelin.

Which of the following are function of dendrites?

1. conduct received information toward the cell body 2. receive information from neighboring neurons 3. integrate information from neighboring neurons

An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to

1. fear dangerous animals. 2. love their own children. 3. seek healthy-looking mates.

An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by

a biopsychosocial approach.

Women, more than men, prefer to alternate periods of frequent sexual activity with periods of very little sexual activity. This best illustrates a gender difference in

erotic plasticity.

Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.

evolutionary; behavioral

Biological characteristics that define someone as male or female are to ________ as socially influenced characteristics that define someone as male or female are to ________.

sex; gender

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shaped by one's culture?

sexual orientation

The fraternal birth-order effect refers to a factor associated with

sexual orientation.

Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.

social

Which of the following has been found to be less stable throughout life?

social attitudes

The effect of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by

social learning theory

Thalamus function

relay station for sensory impulses, pain

The fact that statements are more believable when they are repeated explains how misinformation can be spread through

repetition

Which of the following is NOT a roadblock to critical thinking?

scientific inquiry

The genome is the complete

set of genetic materials in an organism's chromosomes.

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to

Suppression of the Immune system

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the human brain?

The human brain is designed to change and adapt to the environment.

Who was the functionalist who authored a textbook for the emerging discipline of psychology?

William James

Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate

overconfidence.

Those who complain of insomnia typically ________ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept.

overestimate; underestimate

Parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch. Also helps out with mathematics and language understanding.

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron through which information travels in the nervous system?

Autonomic Neuron

The brain's oldest region is the

Brianstem

Which of the following is the newest brain structure?

Cerebral Cortex

When is brain plasticity the strongest?

Childhood

Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria?

Cocaine

The large, slow brain waves associated with N3 sleep are called

Delta Waves

The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression is called

Epigenetic

Researchers studying mice have found that in utero exposure to certain chemicals can cause genetically identical twins to have different-colored fur. This is best explained by the fact that genetically linked traits can be modified by

Epigenetic marks

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments?

Frontal Lobes

The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the

Hypothalamus

Brandon smokes cigarettes despite the risks associated with use. Which of the following is NOT an effect that smoking has on his body?

Increase in appetite

Which of the following is NOT associated with marijuana use?

It is related to academic achievement

The brain devotes more tissue within the ________ for body areas requiring the most precise movement control such as the fingers.

Motor Cortex

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of

Natural Selection

Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleeptalking?

Night Terrors

Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by

Oxygen Deprivation

Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.

Personal Traits

Brain localization of function was first suggested by the study of

Phrenology

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by

Piaget's cognitive development theory

If you lose a foot, the somatosensory cortex that received its input will begin to pick up signals from the formerly adjoined leg. This best illustrates the value of

Plasticity

Which of the following is located inside the brainstem in between your ears?

Reticular Formation

A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a

Rite of passage

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

Role Confusion

Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of

Selective Mating

Men are LESS likely than women to

ask for other people's opinions in a group discussion

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Which of the following focuses on building the knowledge base of psychology?

basic research

Dr. Brooks seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a ________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.

biopsychosocial

As a check on their biases, psychologists report their research using operational definitions, which are

carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used.

Physical exercise can enhance all of the following EXCEPT

cartilage.

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her

cerebellum

While conversing with a hotel desk clerk, Aaron momentarily turned around to pick up his suitcase. When he turned back and resumed his conversation, he failed to notice that he was now speaking with a different desk agent. His failure best illustrates

change blindness

Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of repeated practice on the long-term retention of information?

cognitive

Samantha is working to convince the administrators, teachers, and other staff members at a public high school to change the view within the school regarding sexual harassment among students. Samantha is likely a

community psychologist.

Medulla Function

controls heartbeat and breathing

Which of the following is NOT a useful study tip for improving your retention of course material?

cramming for assessments the night before

Prefrontal Cortex Function

decision making and planning along with judgement, social interactions, memory processing, and alter personality

The activation-synthesis theory provides a neurological explanation for

dreaming.

The ability to consciously recognize and name the color of an object while we simultaneously and unconsciously monitor the object's shape and movement illustrates

dual processing

Right Temporal lobe

enables us to recognize faces

Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to take responsibility for political leadership. This best illustrates a change in

gender roles

The concepts of masculinity and femininity that we use to organize our world are called

gender schemas.

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called

gender typing.

Which of the following is NOT a form of gender expression?

height

The limbic system's hippocampus

helps process explicit memories for storage

A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that

higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress

A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that

higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.

Mark has an enduring sexual attraction to other males. This is

his sexual orientation.

People who claim to have been abducted by space aliens—often shortly after going to bed—commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated ________ into their memories.

hypnagogic sensations

Derek is a graduate student in psychology and is conducting research on aviation transportation safety. He is most likely a(n)

industrial-organizational psychologist

The right hemisphere of Julie's brain is better than her left hemisphere at recognizing facial expressions of emotion. This best illustrates

lateralization.

There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her

level of life satisfaction.

The sequence in which babies master the skills of rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking is the same around the world. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in motor development.

maturation

Puberty is most closely related to the onset of

menarche

The procedure for statistically synthesizing a body of scientific evidence is called

meta-analysis

Speech is processed primarily in the right hemisphere by the ________ of those who are left-handed and by the ________ of those who are right-handed.

minority; minority

Young women can become addicted to alcohol ________ quickly than young men because they have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.

more; less

Debates as to whether the excessive use of alcohol is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of

nature and nurture.

In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of

nature‒nurture interactions

When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively

open their mouths.

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

postconventional

Men and women can achieve orgasm alone. Yet most people experience a greater surge in ________, the hormone associated with sexual satiety, after intercourse and orgasm with their loved one.

prolactin

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

Which of the following describes events experienced through physiological or psychological induction?

states of consciousness

If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a

teratogen

The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is ________.

testosterone; lowered

Erikson defined intimacy as

the ability to form emotionally close relationships.

Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?

the experiment

Depolarization refers to

the loss of a neuron's inside/outside electrical charge difference.

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

the resolution phase

Psychology is currently defined as

the science of behavior and mental processes

A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis is known as

the scientific method.

The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture.

the social clock

Which of the following best describes cognitive psychology?

the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this as

the testing effect

Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to

treat information about individual research participants confidentially.