Psychology
The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the
. somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Autism spectrum disorder is now diagnosed in ________ American children by 8 years of age.
1 in 68
What are the functions of the glial cells ?
1. They guide neural connections. 2. They clean up after neurons communicate with one another. 3. They provide nutrients and insulating myelin.
Which of the following are function of dendrites?
1. conduct received information toward the cell body 2. receive information from neighboring neurons 3. integrate information from neighboring neurons
An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to
1. fear dangerous animals. 2. love their own children. 3. seek healthy-looking mates.
An integrated explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by
a biopsychosocial approach.
Women, more than men, prefer to alternate periods of frequent sexual activity with periods of very little sexual activity. This best illustrates a gender difference in
erotic plasticity.
Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.
evolutionary; behavioral
Biological characteristics that define someone as male or female are to ________ as socially influenced characteristics that define someone as male or female are to ________.
sex; gender
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shaped by one's culture?
sexual orientation
The fraternal birth-order effect refers to a factor associated with
sexual orientation.
Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores. Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.
social
Which of the following has been found to be less stable throughout life?
social attitudes
The effect of rewards and punishments on gender typing is most clearly emphasized by
social learning theory
Thalamus function
relay station for sensory impulses, pain
The fact that statements are more believable when they are repeated explains how misinformation can be spread through
repetition
Which of the following is NOT a roadblock to critical thinking?
scientific inquiry
The genome is the complete
set of genetic materials in an organism's chromosomes.
Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to
Suppression of the Immune system
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the human brain?
The human brain is designed to change and adapt to the environment.
Who was the functionalist who authored a textbook for the emerging discipline of psychology?
William James
Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate
overconfidence.
Those who complain of insomnia typically ________ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and ________ how long they actually slept.
overestimate; underestimate
Parietal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch. Also helps out with mathematics and language understanding.
Which of the following is NOT a type of neuron through which information travels in the nervous system?
Autonomic Neuron
The brain's oldest region is the
Brianstem
Which of the following is the newest brain structure?
Cerebral Cortex
When is brain plasticity the strongest?
Childhood
Which of the following psychoactive drugs produces the quickest and most powerful rush of euphoria?
Cocaine
The large, slow brain waves associated with N3 sleep are called
Delta Waves
The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression is called
Epigenetic
Researchers studying mice have found that in utero exposure to certain chemicals can cause genetically identical twins to have different-colored fur. This is best explained by the fact that genetically linked traits can be modified by
Epigenetic marks
Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments?
Frontal Lobes
The limbic system structure that regulates hunger is called the
Hypothalamus
Brandon smokes cigarettes despite the risks associated with use. Which of the following is NOT an effect that smoking has on his body?
Increase in appetite
Which of the following is NOT associated with marijuana use?
It is related to academic achievement
The brain devotes more tissue within the ________ for body areas requiring the most precise movement control such as the fingers.
Motor Cortex
The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of
Natural Selection
Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleeptalking?
Night Terrors
Hallucinations similar to those that accompany the near-death experience can be produced by
Oxygen Deprivation
Adoptive parents are LEAST likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children.
Personal Traits
Brain localization of function was first suggested by the study of
Phrenology
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by
Piaget's cognitive development theory
If you lose a foot, the somatosensory cortex that received its input will begin to pick up signals from the formerly adjoined leg. This best illustrates the value of
Plasticity
Which of the following is located inside the brainstem in between your ears?
Reticular Formation
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a
Rite of passage
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing
Role Confusion
Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of
Selective Mating
Men are LESS likely than women to
ask for other people's opinions in a group discussion
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.
authoritarian
Which of the following focuses on building the knowledge base of psychology?
basic research
Dr. Brooks seeks to account for the substance abuse of her therapy clients in terms of their abusive home environments, their limited sense of life purpose, and the altered functioning of their neurotransmitter systems. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a ________ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
As a check on their biases, psychologists report their research using operational definitions, which are
carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used.
Physical exercise can enhance all of the following EXCEPT
cartilage.
After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth and coordinated manner. She has probably suffered damage to her
cerebellum
While conversing with a hotel desk clerk, Aaron momentarily turned around to pick up his suitcase. When he turned back and resumed his conversation, he failed to notice that he was now speaking with a different desk agent. His failure best illustrates
change blindness
Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of repeated practice on the long-term retention of information?
cognitive
Samantha is working to convince the administrators, teachers, and other staff members at a public high school to change the view within the school regarding sexual harassment among students. Samantha is likely a
community psychologist.
Medulla Function
controls heartbeat and breathing
Which of the following is NOT a useful study tip for improving your retention of course material?
cramming for assessments the night before
Prefrontal Cortex Function
decision making and planning along with judgement, social interactions, memory processing, and alter personality
The activation-synthesis theory provides a neurological explanation for
dreaming.
The ability to consciously recognize and name the color of an object while we simultaneously and unconsciously monitor the object's shape and movement illustrates
dual processing
Right Temporal lobe
enables us to recognize faces
Over the past decades, women have been increasingly expected to take responsibility for political leadership. This best illustrates a change in
gender roles
The concepts of masculinity and femininity that we use to organize our world are called
gender schemas.
The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called
gender typing.
Which of the following is NOT a form of gender expression?
height
The limbic system's hippocampus
helps process explicit memories for storage
A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that
higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress
A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that
higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.
Mark has an enduring sexual attraction to other males. This is
his sexual orientation.
People who claim to have been abducted by space aliens—often shortly after going to bed—commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated ________ into their memories.
hypnagogic sensations
Derek is a graduate student in psychology and is conducting research on aviation transportation safety. He is most likely a(n)
industrial-organizational psychologist
The right hemisphere of Julie's brain is better than her left hemisphere at recognizing facial expressions of emotion. This best illustrates
lateralization.
There is very little relationship between the age of an adult and his or her
level of life satisfaction.
The sequence in which babies master the skills of rolling over, sitting, crawling, and walking is the same around the world. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in motor development.
maturation
Puberty is most closely related to the onset of
menarche
The procedure for statistically synthesizing a body of scientific evidence is called
meta-analysis
Speech is processed primarily in the right hemisphere by the ________ of those who are left-handed and by the ________ of those who are right-handed.
minority; minority
Young women can become addicted to alcohol ________ quickly than young men because they have ________ of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol.
more; less
Debates as to whether the excessive use of alcohol is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue of
nature and nurture.
In emphasizing that heredity's effects on behavior depend on a person's home environment, psychologists are highlighting the importance of
nature‒nurture interactions
When touched on the cheek, infants reflexively
open their mouths.
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.
postconventional
Men and women can achieve orgasm alone. Yet most people experience a greater surge in ________, the hormone associated with sexual satiety, after intercourse and orgasm with their loved one.
prolactin
Phineas Gage
railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function
Which of the following describes events experienced through physiological or psychological induction?
states of consciousness
If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a
teratogen
The removal of a woman's ovaries may contribute to decreasing sexual interest because her natural ________ level is ________.
testosterone; lowered
Erikson defined intimacy as
the ability to form emotionally close relationships.
Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?
the experiment
Depolarization refers to
the loss of a neuron's inside/outside electrical charge difference.
During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?
the resolution phase
Psychology is currently defined as
the science of behavior and mental processes
A self-correcting process for evaluating ideas with observation and analysis is known as
the scientific method.
The preferred age for retirement is quite different in Mexico than in Western Europe. This best illustrates that ________ differs from culture to culture.
the social clock
Which of the following best describes cognitive psychology?
the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems
Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this as
the testing effect
Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to
treat information about individual research participants confidentially.