psychology

In collectivist cultures that stress interdependence, such as Asian cultures, people are more likely to attribute another person's behavior to that person's what? A. Personality B. Social roles and obligations C. Age and health D. Attitude

A. Personality

Identify a true statement about social cognitive theorist. A. They believe that people are typically good and are predisposed to exhibit ethical conduct. B. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others. C. They define psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. D. They believe that human social behavior is solely based on hereditary principles.

B. They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

What are mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory. A. Icons B. Semantic codes C Echoes D. Visual codes

C Echoes

The oval window transmits vibrations into the inner ear, the bony tube called the what? A. Incus B. Malleus C. Cochlea D. Eardrum

C. Cochlea

Which of the following statements is true of stimulants? A. They increase aggressive and disruptive behavior. B. They reduce the risk of sleep disorders. C. They increase the activity of the nervous system. D. They reduce self-confidence.

C. They increase the activity of the nervous system.

Understand how social connectedness contributes to the effects of violent video games on people

Cultural stereotyping of males and females, Possible biological sex differences

The what is vital in storing new information even if one can retrieve old information without it A. Hypothalamus B. Nephron C. Pineal gland D. Hippocampus

D. Hippocampus

Messages from the brain or spinal cord are transmitted to muscles or glands trough what? A. Schwann cells B Afferent neurons C. Glial cells D. Motor neurons

D. Motor neurons

social facilitation

a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance.

Circulation of blood is an example of a what? a. Nonconscious process b. Preconscious process c. Conscious process d. Unconscious process

a. Nonconscious process

What is the activation of specific association in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory. a. Priming b. Repressing c. Displacing d. Encoding

a. Priming

In the context of forgetting, the failure to identify something that one has experienced is measured through what. a. Recognition b. Recall c. Relearning d. Interference

a. Recognition

prejudice

attitude towards a group that causes people to evaluate members of the group negatively.

Punishment

aversion events that decrease the frequency of a behavior.

What is the tendency to perceive an object as being the same hue even though lighting conditions change its appearance. a. Size consistency b. Color consistency. c. Shape consistency d. Brightness consistency

b. Color consistency.

In the context of the human eye, the size of the what is sensitive to an individual's emotions. a. Retina b. Pupil c. Optic nerve d. Cornea

b. Pupil

NREM SLEEP STAGE 3

beginning of delta waves. (Low frequency, high amplitude)

What are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during stage 4 sleep. a. Alpha waves b. Beta waves c. Theta waves d. Delta waves

d. Delta waves

With a what, an organisms response rate falls off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches. a. Fixed-ratio schedule b. Variable-interval schedule c. Variable-ratio schedule d. Fixed interval schedule

d. Fixed interval schedule

The flow of visual information seems smooth and continuous because of memory, which can hold visual stimuli for up to a second a. Flash bulb b. Echoic c. Semantic d. Iconic

d. Iconic

NREM SLEEP STAGE 4

delta waves continue to increase in amplitude.

Anterograde

failure to remember events that occurred after phvsical trauma, because of the effects of the trauma.

Semantic

general knowledge, concerns meanings.

awake

beta waves (low amplitude, high frequency.) drowsy: alpha waves (higher amplitude, slower frequency)

Which of the following is true of maintenance rehearsal? a. It involves storing a list of letters or numbers on an electronic storage device for later use. b. It involves encoding a list of letters by relating it to something already known. c. It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself. d. It involves trying to remember a long list of letters or numbers that has been read once.

c. It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine? a. It hinders the discharge of adrenaline. b. It increases appetite. c. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters. d. It reduces the metabolic rate.

c. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

In the context of observational learning, allow us to anticipate other peoples intentions when the reach for things. a. Telomeres b. Catecholamines c. Mirror neurons d. Helper t cells

c. Mirror neurons

explicit memory

memory for specific information. Clearly stated or explained.

sleep disorders

narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia, and sleep terrors.

implicit memory

nondeclarative memory, how to perform a task. Endures for years. Ex. Riding a bike.

Psychology

scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Humanistic existential (humanism)

stresses on human capacity for self-fulfillment. roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

Generalization

tendency for conditioned response to be evoked by stimulus similar to the condition stimulus. Organisms must learn that: similar stimuli have different functions, and they must respond adaptively to different stimuli.

Depth perception

the ability to perceive distance to objects in the world using the visual system and visual perception. Major factor in viewing the world in 3d.

Know that Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis

theory of personality. Proposes that people's lives are influenced by unconscious ideas.

Senses and which are dominate in humans

vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch.

What has been characterized as research for its own sake. A. Applied research. B. Compressed research C. Pure research D. Standard research

A. Applied research.

Shaping and modeling (modeling)

observational learning.

Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal? A. It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered B. It involves mentally repeating a list of letters or numbers that needs to he remembered C. It involves adding additional letters to a list of letters that has already been memorized. D. It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.

A. It involves visually representing a list of letters that needs to be remembered

Stages of sleep process and different brain waves during sleep

Awake, NREM SLEEP STAGES, REM SLEEP,

A what reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots. tumors, and other health problems. A. Magnetoencephalography scan B. Computerized axial tomography scan C. Complete blood count test D. Radio frequency identification system

B. Computerized axial tomography scan

What is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance. A. Biofeedback B. Hypnosis C. Somnambulism D. Parasomnia

B. Hypnosis

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep? A. Acetvlcholine B. Serotonin C. Gamma aminobutyric acid D. Norepinephrine

B. Serotonin

Axons end in small, bulb shaped structures called what? A. Dendrites B. Terminal buttons C. Glial cells D. Neurotransmitter vesicles

B. Terminal buttons

B.F. Skinner proposed: A. The theory of psychoanalysis B. That organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome. C. That organisms behave in certain ways because of inherited traits and not acquired traits. D. The basic theories of functionalisms

B. That organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

Which of the following is true of stage 4 sleep? A. It produces low-amplitude brain waves. B. It is the lightest stage of sleep. C. During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second. D. During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain have a frequency of 8 to 13 cycles per second.

C. During stage 4 sleep, the delta waves produced by the brain slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second.

Biological

Charles Darwin seeks relationship between: brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Behavior and mental process. Most adaptive organisms manage to mature and reproduce.

Which of the following is true of amphetamines? A. They reduce irritability when consumed in high doses. B. They improve hunger and appetite. C. They increase hyperactivity. D. They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

D. They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

People practice what by concentrating on words or sounds that are claimed to help the person achieve an altered state of consciousness. A. Biofeedback B. Mindfulness meditation C. Repression D. Transcendental meditation

D. Transcendental meditation

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities? A. Koshoo B. Sweet C. Bitter D. umami

D. umami

Sociocultural

Marv Whitton Calkins. Focuses on the influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.

What are rapid, low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation. a. Alpha waves b. Beta waves c. Delta waves d. Theta waves

a. Alpha waves

What is the type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli. a. Negative adaptation b. Light adaptation c. Dark adaptation d. Positive adaptation

a. Negative adaptation

What happens to a person when hypnotized?

altered state of consciousness. People are suggestible and behave as though in a trance. Used in medical procedures and to help cope with stress.

Positive punishment

application of aversive stimulus.

The process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones is known as what. a. Negative adaptation b. Dark adaptation c. Desensitization d. Saturation

b. Dark adaptation

In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to what of the conditioned response. a. Spontaneous recovery b. Extinction c. Acquisition Continuous reinforcement

b. Extinction

What is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma a. Infantile amnesia b. Retrograde amnesia c. Dissociative amnesia d. Anterograde amnesia

b. Retrograde amnesia

According to cognitive psychologist, what. a. Learning is a temporary change in behavior. b. The changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior. c. The changes caused by learning fully determine an organism's behavior. d. People are most likely to imitate behaviors that are inconsistent with their values.

b. The changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior.

In the context of the Milgram studies, what were the real participants? a. Scientist b. Yale university students c. Teachers d. Learners

b. Yale university students

Hereditary

biological transmission of traits from parent to offspring through genes. Hereditary defines one's nature based on biological structures and processes.

70. Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of what. a. Latent learning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Observational learning

c. Operant conditioning

basic difference between perspective in psychology

cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic existential, biological, and sociocultural

The pain message is relayed from the spinal cord to the what and then projected to the cerebral cortex, making us aware of the location and intensity of the damage a. Cerebrum b. Medulla c. Ganglions d. Thalamus

d. Thalamus

In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone? a. The group of dogs became immune to the shock. b. The group of dogs became calm in the presence of the tone. c. The group of dogs learned to show playful response in the presence of the tone. d. The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.

d. The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.

Stages of memory process (encoding)

encoding: the first stage of information processing. Places stimuli in a form that we can then place in memory. Sensory input uses psychological formats that can be represented mentally.

Types of explicit memory

episodic and semantic

psychodynamic

focus more on conscious choice and self-direction, than unconscious processes. freud.

Phenotype and genotype as related to nature and nurture (genotype)

individuals' genetic makeup. (nature)

Short term memory

known as working memory. When information Is in our short term memory, we can work on it to convert it to long term memory.

Paired associates

learning and remembering the association between stimuli that are artificially associated.

learning (cognitive perspective)

learning is a process by which an organism changes the way they represent the environment. A relatively permanent change due to experience. People choose whether to imitate behaviors they observe.

relationship between REM sleep and neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters is a chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another. Serotonin is neurotransmitter in sleep.

Negative punishment

removal of pleasant stimulus.

Serial position effect

the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle.

Latent learning

type of learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear. E.C Tolman distinguished between learning and performance. In the absence of reinforcement, rats formed cognitive maps of their surroundings even without rewards.

Which of the following factors increases the tendency to conform? A. Belonging to a collectivist society B. Decreased social shyness. C. High self esteem D. Valuing being right over being liked.

A. Belonging to a collectivist society

According to the law of what there is a tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity. A. Continuity B. Proximity C. Common fate D. Similarity

A. Continuity

The what conducts sensory input to the brain, where it is relayed to the visual area of the occipital lobe. A. Optic nerve R Cornea C. Lens D Sclera

A. Optic nerve

If the what is damaged, a person can form visual memories hit not verbal memories A. Limbic system B. Hippocampus C. Thalamus D. Optic nerve

C. Thalamus

Alicia was recently in a car accident. Since then, she cannot retain memories of events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but must be constantly reintroduced to the new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her what? A. hypothalamus B. somatosensory cortex C. hippocampus D. medulla

C. hippocampus

Opiates are a group of what derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system. A. Barbiturates B. Amphetamines C. Stimulants D. Narcotics

D. Narcotics

Discrimination refers to the behavior that results from what? A. Propinquity B. Altruism C. Deindividuation D. Preiudice

D. Preiudice

Different tvpes of amnesia

Infantile, Dissociative, Retrograde, and Anterograde

Unconditioned reinforcers (aka primary reinforcer)

a motivating stimulus that does not need to learned. Effective due to the biological makeup of an organism. Naturally occurring. Ex: Food, water, oxygen.

In the context of hypnotic suggestibility, suggestible people: a. Are prone to fantasy. b. Do not cooperate with the hypnotist. c. Are resistive to hypnosis. d. Do not pay attention to the instructions.

a. Are prone to fantasy.

According to the law of what there is a tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity. a. Continuity b. Proximity c. Common fate d. Similarity

a. Continuity

As we enter sleep, our brain waves slow down from alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves. a. Stage 1 sleep b. Stage 2 sleep c. Stage 3 sleep d. Stage 4 sleep

a. Stage 1 sleep

Which of the following theories proposed that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to green, red, and blue? a. The opponent process theory b. The signal detection theory c. The trichromatic theory d. The place theory

a. The opponent process theory

Difference between adaptation and mutation

adaptation- a way an organism changes as it responds to changes in its environment. Mutation- a naturally occurring variation in the gene sequence.

Which of the following statements is true of media violence? a. Media violence decreases viewers level of emotional arousal. b. Repeated exposure to media violence may decrease viewers sensitivity to real violence. c. Paternal physical punishments reduce the likelihood of aggression in early childhood. d. Females are more likely than males to behave aggressively following exposure to media violence.

b. Repeated exposure to media violence may decrease viewers sensitivity to real violence.

In E C Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the maze for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later when the food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze. the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form of their surroundings. a Observational models b. Operant chambers c. Cognitive maps d. Orienting reflexes

c. Cognitive maps

In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures including squares. Through his experiment. Pavlov demonstrated what. a Discrimination b. General adaptation c. Generalization d. Spontaneous recovery.

c. Generalization

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning? a. An unconditioned stimulus cannot elicit a response prior to conditioning. b. Reflexes cannot be unlearned. c. An unconditioned response is a learned response to a stimulus d. Reflexes can be learned be association.

d. Reflexes can be learned be association.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning? a. An unconditioned stimulus cannot elicit a response prior to conditioning. b. Reflexes cannot be unlearned. c. An unconditioned response is a learned response to stimulus d. Reflexes can be learned by association.

d. Reflexes can be learned by association.

According to Robert Sternberg's triangular model of love, identify a true statement about passion. A. It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness. B. It involves closeness and caring championing the interest of the loved one, even if it entails sacrificing one's own C. It refers to the enhancement and maintenance of a relationship. D. It is absent romantic love.

A. It involves fascination for the loved one, sexual craving, and the desire for exclusiveness.

What is the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to one minute or so after the trace of stimulus decays. a. Maintenance rehearsal b. Prospective memory c. Elaborative rehearsal d. Short term memory

d. Short term memory

episodic(autobiographical)

memory of things that happen to a person or take place in their presence.

Prospective memory

memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs.

Conditioned reinforcers (aka secondary reinforcer)

occurs when a stimulus has acquired the capacity to reinforce behaviors through its learned association with a primary (unconditioned) reinforcer. Ex: money

Function of the thalmus in forming visual and verbal memories (thalmus)

relay station for sensor stimulation

Stages of memory process (storage)

second stage of information processing. Involves maintaining information over time.

NREM SLEEP STAGE 2

sleep: sleep spindles and the k complex. (Sleep spindle. k complex)

Humanistic existential (existential)

stresses on free choice and holds people responsible for the choices made. Based on works of Charles rogers and Abraham Maslow.

social learning

suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating that behavior of others.

learning (behavioralist perspective)

learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from practice or experience.

cognitive

looks at mental processes to understand human nature. Studies those things that are referred to as the mind. Rooted in socrates advice, structuralism, functionalism, gestalt psychology.

counterconditioning

pleasant stimuli are associated with fear evoking stimuli. examples: receiving a treat after taking nasty medicine.

Shaping and modeling (shaping)

procedure for teaching complex behaviors that first reinforces approximations of the targeted behavior.

Understand the difference between the types of laws of perceptual organization

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, and connectedness.

NREM SLEEP STAGE 1

theta waves (low frequencv. low amplitude)

Stages of memory process (Retrieval)

third stage of information processing. Involves locating information and returning it to consciousness.

Goals of psychology

to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

which of the following is the function of the iris? A. Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye. B. conducting sensory input to the brain. C. Transmitting perception of color to the brain. D. Distinguishing between warm and cool colors

A. Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye

What is the school of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements-sensations, feelings, and images that combine to form experience. A. Structuralism B Rehavioralism C. Functionalism D. Existentialism

A. Structuralism

during puberty, what stops the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body. A. Testosterone B. Vasopressin C. Estrogen D. Norepinephrine

A. Testosterone

In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire? A. When skin temperature increases B. When body temperature decreases C. When nociceptors in the skin are depressed D. When phantom limb pain is aroused

A. When skin temperature increases

Phenotype and genotype as related to nature and nurture (phenotype)

actual appearance, based on genotype and environmental influences.

REM SLEEP

brain wave patterns are very similar to stage 1. occurs when we renter stage 1, about 90 minutes after falling asleep (Frequently called paradoxical sleep)

Retrograde

failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma, because of the effects of the trauma.

Infantile

inability to recall childhood events. Automatic ejections of painful memories.

Identify examples of stereotype (stereotype)

stereotype: erroneous assumptions that all members of a group share the same traits or characteristics. Ex. One gender is more violent than the other. Girls are smarter than boys.

primary belief of evolutionary psychologists

studies the ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental process and behavior. Behavior patterns evolve, and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation.

discrimination

the unfair prejudice treatment of people and groups based on characteristics of race, gender, age, or sexual orientation.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults? A. Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight. B. Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may show symptoms of down syndrome. C. Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may experience excitability, insomnia, and weight loss. D. Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel an excess of euphoria under normal circumstances.

A. Adults who secrete too little thyroxin may feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.

Behavior inconsistent with an attitude that may have the effect of modifying an attitude is known as what? A. Attitude discrepant behavior B. Fundamental attribution error C. Dispositional attribution D. Maladaptive behavior

A. Attitude discrepant behavior

On a(n) level what , prejudice is linked to expectations that members of the target group will behave poorly, say, in the workplace, or engage in criminal behavior or terrorism. A. Cognitive B. Social C. Emotional D. Behavioral

A. Cognitive

Which of the following statements is true of aggression? A. Electrical stimulation of part of the hvpothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals. B. Men have higher estrogen levels than women do ad are also more aggressive than women, especially with male strangers. C. Unlike animals that solely depend on hormones, empathy is one of the major contributors in bringing about aggression in humans. D. In nonhumans, aggressive reactions are not automatic

A. Electrical stimulation of part of the hvpothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many lower animals.

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, who study the behavior of people in workplaces such as a business. A. Organizational psychologist B. Forensic psychologist C. developmental psychologist D. personality psychologist

A. Organizational psychologist

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists? A. They study ways to encourage people to recycle and to preserve bastions of wilderness B. They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests C. They deal with clients who have minor adjustment problems but not with clients who have serious psychological disorders. D. They deal with legal matters such as whether a defendant was sane when committing a crime.

B. They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests

The Atkinson-shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to what? A. Determine the vividness of stimulation perception B. Determine the meaning and importance of dreams C. Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory D. Determine the physiological causes of memory disorders

C. Determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

Structuralists tended to ask, "what are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" in contrasts, tended to ask, "how do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?" A. Cognitive psychologist B. Behaviorists C. Functionalists D. Psychoanalysts

C. Functionalists

What showed that people tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur A Structuralists B. Behaviorists C. Gestalt psychologists D. Cognitive psychologists

C. Gestalt psychologists

A(n) what is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory. A. Schema B. Echo C Icon D. Saving

C. Icon

The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the what lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex. A. Frontal B. Parietal C. Temporal D. Occipital

C. Temporal

The what States that in response to sound waves of frequencies between a few hundred and 4,000 cycles per second, groups of neurons take turns firing to transmit sensory information about pitches A. Frequency theory B. Closure principle C. Volley principle D. Place theory

C. Volley principle

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research? A. In the experimental method of research, participants in control groups obtain the treatment being tested. B. The experimental method fails to answer questions about cause and effect. C. In the experimental method of research, participants in experimental groups do not obtain the treatment heino tested. D. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect

D. The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect

Dissociative

Disconnection and lack of continuity between thoughts, memories, surroundings, actions, and identity.

information process

a process used by psychologists to explain and describe the process of the human brain.