Psychology Midterm

brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes, but she can easily demonstrate it for him. brenda's memory for shoe tying is best characterized as _____ memory

nondeclarative (implicit)

which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells?

axon

which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness?

+0.01

The mayor advantage of a survey is that

A large amount of data can be gathered

Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia?

Biopsychological

if you were suffering from neurological problems and your neurologist wanted to have a study done of your brain and its electrical functioning, which of the following techniques would be most appropriate?

EEG

what is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?

Neuroplasticity

in an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep eight hours while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment, the control group is

The group that gets to sleep

felisha can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occurred. What might psychologist say about these particular flashbulb memories?

The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments

what happens when the results of a study create an undesirable outcome for the participant?

The researcher must find some way of helping the participant deal with the negative impact

what is the first guideline for doing research with people?

The rights and well-being of the participants must come first

if dr. swasey is like most psychologists, where does she probably work?

University/college

what is the biggest reason we use animals in research?

We can do things to animals that we can't do to people

which of the following early psychologist would have been most likely to agree with the statement, the study of the mind should focus on how it functions in every day life?

William James

similar to the concept of long term memory?

a computer hard drive

tabitha signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. tabitha plans to make as many purchases as soon as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. such an approach is an example of

a token economy

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50% of the time is present is called

absolute threshold

which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in alzheimer's patients

acetylcholine

in an episode of a popular television program, a detective reconstructs a crime scene by using various foods from his dinner table. He uses ears of corn to represent the cars, mashed potatoes to form the sides of the road, and so on. What method of learning best fits the method this character seems to be using to think about the events of the crime?

action

The neurons of the sensory pathway contain

afferent neurons

which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis?

agatha observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves and identifies a new replacement behavior. she then implements a training program for new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently

the venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n) ______ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine

agonist

chantal is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. chantal's memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with the

amygdala

if you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

amygdala

which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning?

as a young child, tony frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. subsequently, tony experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider.

a key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is

as plausible as possible

what is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning?

attention, memory, imitation, desire

which of the following is an ethical consideration when using animals in research?

avoiding exposing them to unnecessary pain

Tom is studying for his first psychology exam. What should he do to ensure he remembers all that he has studied?

begin studying many days in advance to give his brain time to commit the material to memory and repeatedly test his retrieval of information.

wesley has learned that if he cries with his mother in public, she will often give him a new toy or a piece of candy so as to quiet him. Which of the following perspectives explains Wesley's behavior?

behavioral

which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness?

behaviorism

cindy has cheesy tacos at a local mexican restaurant. later she became terribly ill and suffered and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. what might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos

which questions are the highest level of analysis and often considered the hardest to answer on a test?

conceptual

Michael noticed that whenever he moved his dog's food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

randall believes that aliens are currently living deep under the ocean. when looking for information about this on the internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical on his belief and only visits sites that support his belief. this is an example of

confirmation bias

what part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the rind or outer covering?

cortex

shantel spent a year living abroad in spain. during that time, her ability to read and speak spanish grew tremendously. however, now, 2 years later, shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. her problem is most likely due to

decay theory

dr. white noticed something odd happening to the behavior of his students as midterm exams neared. he decided to take notes about this behavior to find out exactly what was happening and the circumstances surrounding the behavior. His goal is clearly

description

dr. roll is conducting a research study. She wants to measure the physical connectivity in the research participants' brains by imagining their white matter. Which of the following methods will she use?

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

to a dog, ______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer

dog food; a frisbee

_______ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep up with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said.

echoic

amber meets a cute guy named carson at a party. she wants to make sure she remembers his name, so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of nevada (carson city) this transferring of information from short term memory to long term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal?

elaborative

which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without damaging them?

electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

in recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers?

emotional intelligence

collin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. he says he forgot, but in reality collin wasn't paying attention to his mother at all. this is an example of the ______ explanation of forgetting

encoding failure

what concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom?

encoding specificity

which of the following is associated with pain relief?

endorphins

which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological basis of universal mental characteristics?

evolutionary

which of the following techniques analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain?

fMRI

Which category is the following question an example of? True or false: psychology is the study of behavior and mental processes.

factual question

hunters who wear camouflage so that they can blend in with their surroundings are relying on which principle of perception?

figure-ground relationships

alicia leaves her office building to find it is raining. she return to her office and gets a trash bag out of the supply cabinet. using a pair of scissors, she cuts the bag so that she can put her head and arms through the bag without getting wet. in using the trash bag as a makeshift rain jacket, alicia has overcome

functional fixedness

which one of the following is not a function of glial cell's

generating action potentials

way to encourage divergent, creative thinking

go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity

after being in class for a while, ______ is a likely explanation for not hearing the sound of the lights buzzing above you until someone says something about it

habituation

in tolman's maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats

had already learned the maze in the first 9 days

henry gustav molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his _______ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures

hippocampi

leticia wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. she has watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. but when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. which of the following events of observational learning was leticia's problem?

imitation

while taking a shower, miguel suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. when later asked how he solved this problem, miguel said, the answer just seemed to pop into my head. miguel's experience is an example of

insight

in the definition of psychology, mental processes means

internal, covert processes

i'm gardner's view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in _____ intelligence

interpersonal

What is the value of retrieval practice?

it helps increase long time learning.

example of a stereotype threat

joaquim, who believes IQ tests are unfair to hispanics, something that his IQ year seems to reflect

which theory is commonly referred to as the aha! phenomenon?

köhler's insight theory

lisa's parents have decided to take a 3 week trip to europe. consequently, lisa's mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. when her mother encourages lisa to bake pies herself, lisa panics at first, but then finds that she knows how to put the recipe together a her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of

latent learning

bandura's studies found found that learning can take place without actual performance. what is this referred as?

learning/performance distinction

research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for a specific word if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. this is best accounted for by which model of memory?

levels-of-processing model

what monocular depth cue can just explain why railroad tracks appear to come together in the distance?

linear perspective

in loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. when presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?

many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information

Who was the first woman to complete the coursework for doctorate at Harvard University?

mary whiton calkins

simply spitting information back out on a test is likely more indicative of ___________, while truly understanding information is more indicative of actual __________.

memorization; learning

what is thinking

mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information

Yvonne's ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the _______ pathway of the ________ nervous system

motor; somatic

edgar cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper, so edgar decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. although he stays up to nearly 3 am, he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. in the future, edgar will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. such behavior is an example of

negative reinforcement

when a neuron's resting potential is occurring, the neuron is _______ charged on the inside.

negatively

in which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex?

occipital

which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously?

parallel distributed processing model

the müller-lyer illusion occurs more frequently in

people living in a western culture

Jason's uncle claimed to have seen a black panther in the trees beside the highway, although no one else saw it. Knowing that his uncle has been looking for a black panther for years, jason attributes his uncle's siting to

perceptual set

according to sternberg, intelligence comprises analytical, creative, and ____ aspects

practical

rescorla found that the CD must ______ the UCS for conditioning to take place

predict

noland bought a fancy new smart phone. it was a different brand of phone that his old phone, so he spent quite a few frustrating hours learning to use the new one. the problem was that he kept trying to tap icons on the new phone in the places they had been on his old phone. noland's problem was most likely due to

proactive interference

people in the u.s often think of a sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. in this example, a sports. ad would be considered a

prototype

which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client's early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self?

psychodynamic

which of the following professionals in psychology has a doctoral degree but is not in Madison?

psychologist

Little jimmie's mother was upset to find that jimmie had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. the next morning, jimmie found all his blocks has been picked up and put into a bag on top of the refrigerator. jimmie's mother told him that he couldn't play with his blocks for the next 2 days. which type of discipline did she use?

punishment by removal

multiple choice test questions typically rely on _____, while essay questions rely on _____

recognition; recall

which brain structure allows us to pay attention to certain stimuli while ignoring others?

reticular formation

ruth has just finished her research paper and handed t in. as she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. ruth's problem is in the memory process of

retrieval

what type of amnesia do you have when you cannot remember things that happened before a traumatic accident?

retrograde amnesia

which of the following is not one of the mnemonic techniques described in this chapter?

rote memorization

human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for period of time that range from ____ to _____

seconds; our lifetime

information enters into short term memory through a process know as _______

selective attention

when you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?

semantic

______ Involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells

sensation

you were drinking a strong cup of coffee that is particularly bitter. After a while, the coffee doesn't taste as strong as it did when you first tasted it. What has happened?

sensory adaptation

When opening the door, the actual image on your retina changes drastically, but you still perceive the door is a rectangle. This is an example of

shape constancy

in what study do the participants not know they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group.

single-blind

ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, angelica has been afraid of all dogs. the fact that she is afraid of not only the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of

stimulus generalization

professor collins designed an IQ test. to validate this test, she should be carefully to do what

strive to make sure that the test measure what it is supposed to measure

which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident?

sympathetic division

neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next dendrite by crossing a fluid filled space called the

synapse

which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?

thalamus

if you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send a message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientist call

the reflex arc

jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of

the serial position effect

in watson's experiment with little albert, the conditioned stimulus was

the white rat

in terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer?

to create a test that is culturally fair

The first time Megan had to install ceiling fan in her new home, it took a long time. But later when she helped install a ceiling fan in her best friend's home, she completed the job very quickly. her improved speed and skill can particulate be attributed to

top down processing

joe owned a small repair shop. each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed ima payment for the work he has done for them. some days, he would receive a check or two. at other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. what schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

variable interval

research by steve maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher level region of the brain known as _____, which helps subjects determine what is controllable

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

Gilbert has been advised by a learning expert to study using techniques like using flashcards, writing out important points in his own words and then reciting them, using sticky notes to emphasize important points, and creating descriptions of figures and images. Gilbert's tutor is recommending the use of what study method?

verbal

my very excellent mother just served us nine pizzas is a mnemonic for remembering the order of the planets in our solar system (including poor, downgraded Pluto, of course). what kind mnemonic is this?

verbal/rhythmic organization

adults are negatively affected by

viewing or playing violent media

you have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What's more, your friends don't seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she hold up your lunchbox and repeats, you know, your tree limb. Your predicament in your dream is most like which of the following disorder?

wernicke's aphasia

which early psychologist was the first to try to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology?

wilhelm wundt

raven has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. she had 100 percent recall at the end of class. according to ebbinghaus's curve of forgetting, how quickly will raven likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned?

within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class

which of the following is an example of observer bias?

you develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment