Psychology Midterm

The ______ glands secrete epinephrine

Adrenal

Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

Archival Research

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

Case study

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

What is the primary conclusion John Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response

_________ is the field of study that focuses on genes and their expression

Epigenetics

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

psyche

Greek word for soul

Nawaz and his boyfriend break up. Nawaz makes an internal attribution for this outcome. Complete the sentence to show an internal attribution that Nawaz could make. My boyfriend broke up with me because ________.

I am unlovable.

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Identify the major ethical flaw with John Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion

John Watson

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology.

Masters

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the ____________

Myelin sheath

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Our ability to make our legs move as we walk across the room is controlled by the ________ nervous system.

Somatic

How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?

Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.

Scientific hypotheses are ___________ and falsifiable.

Testable

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil.

The word 'evil' should be changed to the word 'good.'

Nomi seems to live by the 'don't sweat the small stuff' concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Nomi has a ________ personality.

Type B

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt

In a study of mate preference differences between men and women that spanned 37 cultures, Buss (1989) found that men value youthful appearance more than women. Why?

Youthful looks provide fertility clues.

dissertation

a formal and long paper, written for a degree at a university or college

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

above average birth weight

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

acute

Fight or Flight trigger what responses?

adrenaline surges into the bloodstream, heart rate and blood pressure increases, pupils dilate

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

are possible to test with animal studies

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

A(n) ________ attack is often triggered by environmental factors, such as air pollution, allergens, cigarette smoke, airway infections, cold air or a sudden change in temperature, and exercise.

asthma

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________.

between -1 and +1

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fianc_e and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.

biology

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central; peripheral nervous systems

The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding variable

The __________ receives incoming signals from other neurons

dendrites

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.

distress

Scientific knowledge is ________.

empirical

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

_______ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

eustress

placebo effect

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

Jade hears a rattle. When she turns around she sees a rattlesnake inches from her leg. Her pupils dilate, her heart pounds, and she begins to sweat. This response is called the ________ response.

fight-or-flight

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Functionalism

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

counseling psychology

focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individual

psychoanalytic theory

focuses on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it ________.

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.

glial cell

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

glucagon and insulin

A ________ psychologist might investigate why people continue to smoke or eat high fat and processed food despite knowing the potential adverse health implications of such behaviors.

health

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

hormones

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

hypothesis

Over the past few years, research suggests that stress levels in the United States have ________.

increased

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

internal

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

Factory worker, supermarket cashier, and short-order cook are all examples of occupations with high levels of ________.

job strain

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

Which of the following is not a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep?

less exposure to carcinogens

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.

positive outlook and positive expectations

_______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities

primary

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

attrition

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.

reflexes

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

reliability

________ can be used to assess ________.

reliability; validity

Psychology refers to the ________.

scientific study of the mind

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

social support

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

somnambulism

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

biopsychology

study of how biology influences behavior

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

empirical

tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

confirmation bias

tendency to ignore evidence

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.

testosterone

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Cognitive Psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

developmental psychology

the study of continuity and change across the life span

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

A stressor would be appraised as a ________ if someone anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence; however, if someone believes that it carries the potential for gain or personal growth, it would be appraised as a ________.

threat; challenge

structuralism

understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.

what the word chocolate means

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

4

Engram refers to the ________.

physical trace of memory

Which degree would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school?

Bachelor's degree

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

The central nervous system is comprised of __________

Brain and Spinal cord

A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.

CT Scan

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.

limbic system; emotional

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

longitudinal

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

longitudinal fissure

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

lucid

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness.

meditation

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

What is the hindbrain composed of?

medulla, pons, cerebellum

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.

neuroticism

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

one

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

Humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________.

philosophy