Psychology
Bem
Androgyny
Shadow
Animal instincts of ancestors
Functionalism
Argue that Perceptions, Emotions and Images cannot be seperated, but in single stream. How individuals learn to function in environment
Dix
Asylum Reform
Vicarious Reinforcement
Bandura We learn through our own reinforcement and the reinforcement of others' behavior
Jung's Psychoanalysis
Began w/ hypnosis, dropped this Free association: reconstruct the nature of the conflict -Dream interpretation -Resistance: Refusal to relate to certain thoughts -Transference: Attributing attitudes to the therapist of significant others -Countertransference: Therapist developing feelings for patient
Ellis
Behavior Therapist; Rational Emotive Therapy
Skinner
Behaviorist
Bandura
Behaviorist Theory; Approach-Avoidance Said personality is learned principles.
Dollard and Miller
Behaviorists Negative behavior is simply conflicting emotions in personality
Dallard and Miller
Behaviorists; Approach-Avoidance
Jung
Personal Unconscious and Collective Unconscious (shared by everyone, residue of early ancestors) Unconscious is made up of layers.
Structuralist
Titchener Breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection
Random Sample
Totally Random
Cuttell
Trait Theorist; Factor Analysis
Eysenck
Trait Theorist; Introversion-Extroversion, Stability-Neurotic
Allport
Trait Theory; Functional autonomy- When we continue to do something without needing to Idiographic and Nomothetic approach to personality: Individual study vs group study
Psychodynamic
Unconscious thoughts in conflict with conscious behavior. Said to not have enough empirical study.
Descriptive Research
Variety of approaches designed to describe behavior (surveys for example)
Behaviorism
Watson, Skinner Study of behavior. Attacked mentalism and introspection. Attacked structuralism and functionalism
Gestalt
Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka Whole more than sum of parts. Attacked structuralism and behaviorism
Biological Psychology
a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Vygotsky
believed there are different cognitive levels but children can achieve greater ones with the help of other people
Cognitive Psychology
school of psychology devoted to the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.
Skinners Applied behavior Analysis
the actual behavior as function from environment
Psychobiology
the area of psychology that focuses on the biological foundations of behavior and mental processes
Adler's Creative Self
Force in which we shape uniqueness
Cattell
Found 16 traits that make up personality
A. Freud
Founder of Ego Psychology
Psychoanalysis
Freud,Jung,Adler Behavior is result of unconscious conflict, repression, defense
Difference bewteen Adler, Jung, Freud
Freud- Motivated by instinct Jung- Motivated by Archetypes Adler- Motivated by a strive for superiority
Experiemental Group
Group subject to change in independent variable
Mazlow
Hierarchy Needs; Self Actualization Basic->Psych->Safety->Self
Frankl
Holocaust survivor. Depression and illness is from a life without meaning.
Correlation Coeffiecient
How things are correlated: Strength of relationship and nature of relationship
Id/Ego/Superego
Id: Psychic Energy following pleasure principle Ego: Reality principle, exists to guide Id Superego: Moral branch, striving for reality and social norm
Adler's Fictional Finalism
Image of what we need and how we get it. Our drive for the future is more important than the past
Kelly
Individuals as Scientists; Will change behavior based on environment; Energy is not driving force, simply misdirected
Functionalism
James, Dewey Stream of consciousness, studies how mind funtions to adapt to environment. Attacked structuralism
Seligman
Learned Helplessness and road to depression The shocked dogs in cage. External locus control.
Rotter
Locus of Control
Beck Depression Inventory
Low self-esteem stems from distorted world view on three levels View of self, future, and experiences. Must modify thoughts
Independent Variable
Manipulated by experimenter. Most interest
Humanism
Maslow, Rogers People are whole; Free will; should study healthy people, not just ill people. Internal process rather than external.
Correlational Research
Measure of naturally occuring relationships between two things Groups observed in naturally occuring environments
Dependent Variable
Measured to see how they have changed.
DSM Classification
1)Clinical disorders 2)Personality and Mental Retardation 3)Medical Conditions 4)Psychosocial or environmental stress 5)Clinicians judgement
Horney
3 ways to relate to one another: Toward, Against, Away
Allports 3 types of traits or dispositions
Cardinal: Traits in which we organize life Secondary: Personal Characteristics Central: Traits of personality easy to confer
Paresis
Caused by syhphilis Delusions of grandeur, paralysis, death.
Trait/Type
Characterizes people by types of personality, then finds their dimension within it
Cognitive
Chomsky Behaviorism not adequate explanation of behavior; humans think, believe, create.
Kraepelin
Classified Mental Disorders; Led to DSM-IV
Beck
Cognitive Behavior therapist; Depression
Cognitive Behavior Modification
Cognitive restructuring, emphasis on changing irrational thought
William James
First American Psychologist 1842-1910
Operant Conditioning
Coined by Skinner. Reinforcement The stimuli does not get a response, but the positive consequence (reinforcer) tha increases repitition.
Bleuler
Coined the term Schizophrenia
Mischel
Critic of Trait theories and Personality Psychology
Experimental Research
Deliberative manipulation of selected isolated variables and measurements
Boring
Developments is psychology due to Zeitgeist: Changing spirit of the time
Control Group
Does not change
Erickson
Ego Psychologist; Stages of development
Carlitti and Binni
Electroshock therapy to help schitophrenia. Personality Psychology.
Structuralism
Empahsizes the analysis consciousness into basic components through introspection
Humanistic Approach
Emphasizes individual growth and change. Psychology can include more than just behvaior
Difference of Humanism (Kelly) and Psychodynamics
Energy is not pent up and unfulfilled, but simply displaced and hard to express
Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) Adaptive Fitness to promote survival
Eros/Thanatos/Libido
Eros: Life, individual survival Thanatos: Death, the ultimate state Libido: Form of energy powering instinct
Observer Bias
Expectation of events or outcomes
Research Methods
Experimental, Correlational, Descriptive Research
Type A Type B
Extroverted, unstable Introverted, thoughtful
Anima/Animus
Female and Male gender and traits in opposite sex
Witkin
Field dependence and Independence: Independent can make responsible decisions Dependent: then the environment influences you
Humanist Existential
Find meaning by making your own choice. Empathy to client, positive regard.
Parallel Processing
Multiple mental processes at once
McClelland
Need for Achievement We avoid risks that are too high or too low
Double-Blind
Neither the subject or the experiementor knows which group the subjects are in
Klein
Object Relations Theorist
Mahler
Object Relations Theorist
Winnicott
Object Relations Theorist
Kernberg
Object Relations Theorist.
Sigmund Freud
Originator of Psychodynamic approach to personality
Lewin / Field Theory
Phenomenological Personality; Field Theory: See's personality as dynamic, little stock in habit or structures. He divides personality in systems, and when you're under tension, it is just these systems failing to cooperate.
Rogers
Phenomenological Personality; Client Centered Therapy Self-actualization, unconditional positive regard towards client
Representative sample
Proportionate and representative of population as whole
Conflict between Psychoanalysists and Behaviorists
Psycho's think Behaviors are just replacing symtoms while the real causes are undiagnosed
Buss & Pluman
Psychobiologists Subset of Dichotomies add up to Temperment (Active/Passive, Outgoing/Reserved) Which is how they act towards the world
Thomas & Chess
Psychobiologists Traits, Moods, Adaption and Response are determined by DNA
Adler
Psychodynamic; inferiority complex Family and Society and the Unconscious
Skinner
Psychologists should only study observable behavior. Created operant conditioning
Pinel
Reformed French Asylums
Rosenham
Researched the effect being labeled Mentally ill entailed
Persona
Societal mask of acceptance
Sheldon
Somatotype (Body Type) to Personality
Serial Processing
Step by step processing of information
William Wundt
Structuralist Made Objective Introspection: Recording thoughts and feelings and sensory experiences
Titchener
Structuralist Made Science of Consciousness. Believed even complex thoughts could be broken down into elements
Neuro Behaviorist Stimulistic Response
Systematic desensitization. Extinguishing causes anxiety.
Sociocultural
relating to both social and cultural matters