Psychology

Bem

Androgyny

Shadow

Animal instincts of ancestors

Functionalism

Argue that Perceptions, Emotions and Images cannot be seperated, but in single stream. How individuals learn to function in environment

Dix

Asylum Reform

Vicarious Reinforcement

Bandura We learn through our own reinforcement and the reinforcement of others' behavior

Jung's Psychoanalysis

Began w/ hypnosis, dropped this Free association: reconstruct the nature of the conflict -Dream interpretation -Resistance: Refusal to relate to certain thoughts -Transference: Attributing attitudes to the therapist of significant others -Countertransference: Therapist developing feelings for patient

Ellis

Behavior Therapist; Rational Emotive Therapy

Skinner

Behaviorist

Bandura

Behaviorist Theory; Approach-Avoidance Said personality is learned principles.

Dollard and Miller

Behaviorists Negative behavior is simply conflicting emotions in personality

Dallard and Miller

Behaviorists; Approach-Avoidance

Jung

Personal Unconscious and Collective Unconscious (shared by everyone, residue of early ancestors) Unconscious is made up of layers.

Structuralist

Titchener Breaks consciousness into elements by using introspection

Random Sample

Totally Random

Cuttell

Trait Theorist; Factor Analysis

Eysenck

Trait Theorist; Introversion-Extroversion, Stability-Neurotic

Allport

Trait Theory; Functional autonomy- When we continue to do something without needing to Idiographic and Nomothetic approach to personality: Individual study vs group study

Psychodynamic

Unconscious thoughts in conflict with conscious behavior. Said to not have enough empirical study.

Descriptive Research

Variety of approaches designed to describe behavior (surveys for example)

Behaviorism

Watson, Skinner Study of behavior. Attacked mentalism and introspection. Attacked structuralism and functionalism

Gestalt

Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka Whole more than sum of parts. Attacked structuralism and behaviorism

Biological Psychology

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

Vygotsky

believed there are different cognitive levels but children can achieve greater ones with the help of other people

Cognitive Psychology

school of psychology devoted to the study of mental processes in the broadest sense.

Skinners Applied behavior Analysis

the actual behavior as function from environment

Psychobiology

the area of psychology that focuses on the biological foundations of behavior and mental processes

Adler's Creative Self

Force in which we shape uniqueness

Cattell

Found 16 traits that make up personality

A. Freud

Founder of Ego Psychology

Psychoanalysis

Freud,Jung,Adler Behavior is result of unconscious conflict, repression, defense

Difference bewteen Adler, Jung, Freud

Freud- Motivated by instinct Jung- Motivated by Archetypes Adler- Motivated by a strive for superiority

Experiemental Group

Group subject to change in independent variable

Mazlow

Hierarchy Needs; Self Actualization Basic->Psych->Safety->Self

Frankl

Holocaust survivor. Depression and illness is from a life without meaning.

Correlation Coeffiecient

How things are correlated: Strength of relationship and nature of relationship

Id/Ego/Superego

Id: Psychic Energy following pleasure principle Ego: Reality principle, exists to guide Id Superego: Moral branch, striving for reality and social norm

Adler's Fictional Finalism

Image of what we need and how we get it. Our drive for the future is more important than the past

Kelly

Individuals as Scientists; Will change behavior based on environment; Energy is not driving force, simply misdirected

Functionalism

James, Dewey Stream of consciousness, studies how mind funtions to adapt to environment. Attacked structuralism

Seligman

Learned Helplessness and road to depression The shocked dogs in cage. External locus control.

Rotter

Locus of Control

Beck Depression Inventory

Low self-esteem stems from distorted world view on three levels View of self, future, and experiences. Must modify thoughts

Independent Variable

Manipulated by experimenter. Most interest

Humanism

Maslow, Rogers People are whole; Free will; should study healthy people, not just ill people. Internal process rather than external.

Correlational Research

Measure of naturally occuring relationships between two things Groups observed in naturally occuring environments

Dependent Variable

Measured to see how they have changed.

DSM Classification

1)Clinical disorders 2)Personality and Mental Retardation 3)Medical Conditions 4)Psychosocial or environmental stress 5)Clinicians judgement

Horney

3 ways to relate to one another: Toward, Against, Away

Allports 3 types of traits or dispositions

Cardinal: Traits in which we organize life Secondary: Personal Characteristics Central: Traits of personality easy to confer

Paresis

Caused by syhphilis Delusions of grandeur, paralysis, death.

Trait/Type

Characterizes people by types of personality, then finds their dimension within it

Cognitive

Chomsky Behaviorism not adequate explanation of behavior; humans think, believe, create.

Kraepelin

Classified Mental Disorders; Led to DSM-IV

Beck

Cognitive Behavior therapist; Depression

Cognitive Behavior Modification

Cognitive restructuring, emphasis on changing irrational thought

William James

First American Psychologist 1842-1910

Operant Conditioning

Coined by Skinner. Reinforcement The stimuli does not get a response, but the positive consequence (reinforcer) tha increases repitition.

Bleuler

Coined the term Schizophrenia

Mischel

Critic of Trait theories and Personality Psychology

Experimental Research

Deliberative manipulation of selected isolated variables and measurements

Boring

Developments is psychology due to Zeitgeist: Changing spirit of the time

Control Group

Does not change

Erickson

Ego Psychologist; Stages of development

Carlitti and Binni

Electroshock therapy to help schitophrenia. Personality Psychology.

Structuralism

Empahsizes the analysis consciousness into basic components through introspection

Humanistic Approach

Emphasizes individual growth and change. Psychology can include more than just behvaior

Difference of Humanism (Kelly) and Psychodynamics

Energy is not pent up and unfulfilled, but simply displaced and hard to express

Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) Adaptive Fitness to promote survival

Eros/Thanatos/Libido

Eros: Life, individual survival Thanatos: Death, the ultimate state Libido: Form of energy powering instinct

Observer Bias

Expectation of events or outcomes

Research Methods

Experimental, Correlational, Descriptive Research

Type A Type B

Extroverted, unstable Introverted, thoughtful

Anima/Animus

Female and Male gender and traits in opposite sex

Witkin

Field dependence and Independence: Independent can make responsible decisions Dependent: then the environment influences you

Humanist Existential

Find meaning by making your own choice. Empathy to client, positive regard.

Parallel Processing

Multiple mental processes at once

McClelland

Need for Achievement We avoid risks that are too high or too low

Double-Blind

Neither the subject or the experiementor knows which group the subjects are in

Klein

Object Relations Theorist

Mahler

Object Relations Theorist

Winnicott

Object Relations Theorist

Kernberg

Object Relations Theorist.

Sigmund Freud

Originator of Psychodynamic approach to personality

Lewin / Field Theory

Phenomenological Personality; Field Theory: See's personality as dynamic, little stock in habit or structures. He divides personality in systems, and when you're under tension, it is just these systems failing to cooperate.

Rogers

Phenomenological Personality; Client Centered Therapy Self-actualization, unconditional positive regard towards client

Representative sample

Proportionate and representative of population as whole

Conflict between Psychoanalysists and Behaviorists

Psycho's think Behaviors are just replacing symtoms while the real causes are undiagnosed

Buss & Pluman

Psychobiologists Subset of Dichotomies add up to Temperment (Active/Passive, Outgoing/Reserved) Which is how they act towards the world

Thomas & Chess

Psychobiologists Traits, Moods, Adaption and Response are determined by DNA

Adler

Psychodynamic; inferiority complex Family and Society and the Unconscious

Skinner

Psychologists should only study observable behavior. Created operant conditioning

Pinel

Reformed French Asylums

Rosenham

Researched the effect being labeled Mentally ill entailed

Persona

Societal mask of acceptance

Sheldon

Somatotype (Body Type) to Personality

Serial Processing

Step by step processing of information

William Wundt

Structuralist Made Objective Introspection: Recording thoughts and feelings and sensory experiences

Titchener

Structuralist Made Science of Consciousness. Believed even complex thoughts could be broken down into elements

Neuro Behaviorist Stimulistic Response

Systematic desensitization. Extinguishing causes anxiety.

Sociocultural

relating to both social and cultural matters