Psychology Prologue

Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a:

developmental psychologist

Francis Bacon's ideas led mos directly to the scholarly view known as:

empiricism

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior?

neuroscience

In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that:

nurture works on what nature endows.

The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as _____ is to ______.

nurture; nature

The fourth century scholar who anticipated health psychology's focus on mind-body interactions was:

Augustine

Which seventeenth century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

Descartes

Who introduced the early school of structuralism?

Edward Tichener

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?

John B. Watson

The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is:

Locke

The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was:

Plato

Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook?

William James

The first psychology laboratory was established by ____ in the year _____.

Wundt; 1879

In psychology "behavior" is best defined as:

any action we can observe and record

A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in _____ research.

applied

A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in:

basic research

Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition?

behavior and

Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working within the _____ perspective.

behavior genetics

The psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the ______ perspective.

behavioral

Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?

behavioral

Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called:

clinical psychologists

Dr, Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working within the ______ perspective.

cognitive

The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the _____ perspective

cognitive

Today, psychology is a discipline that:

connects with a diversity of other fields

During a dinner conversation a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes _______ whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes _______.

conscious processes; observable responses

Sensations, dreams, beliefs, and feelings are:

examples of subjective experiences

The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Tichener as ________ is to _____________.

functionalism; structuralism

A fraternity brother rationalizes the fact that he spends very little time studying by saying that he "doesn't want to peak too soon and have the test material become stale." You tell him that:

he is probably overestimating his knowledge of the material if he devotes extra time to studying, his retention of the material will be improved] the more often students review material, the better their exam scores ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace?

industrial-organizational psychology

A major principle underlying the PRTR study method is that:

people learn and remember material best when they actively process it

Dr. Aswad is studying people's enduring inner traits. Dr. Aswad is most likely a(n):

personality psychologist

Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of:

philosophy and biology

In order, the sequence of steps in the PRTR method is:

preview, read, think critically, review

Which of the following individuals is also a physician?

psychiatrist

To say that "psychology is a science" means that:

psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis

Dharma's term paper on the history of American psychology notes that:

psychology began as a science of mental life from the 1920s into the 1960s psychology was defined as the science of observable behavior contemporary psychologists study both overt behavior and covert thoughts ALL OF THE ABOVE

Today psychology is defined as the

science of behavior and mental processes

In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the:

science of mental life

Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based on:

self-examination of mental processes

Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working within the _____ perspective.

social- cultural

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within the ______ perspective.

social-cultural

Your roommate announces that her schedule permits her to devote three hours to studying for an upcoming quiz. You advise her to:

space study time over several short sessions

Dr. Ramirez is studying whether emotionally reactive infants tend to become emotionally reactive adults. Dr. Ramirez's research illustrates the ______ issue in psychology.

stability versus change

Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that:

the different perspective often complement one another; together, they provide a fuller understanding of behavior than provided by any single perspective

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?

the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior

Which of the following is not a major issue in psychology?

top-down versus bottom-up processing

In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a:

way of asking and answering questions