Psychology - Study Guide 9B

38.Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth? A) vision B) smell C) touch D) hearing

A) vision

30.By the third week after conception, a sheet of primitive neural cells has formed: A)A hollow tube called the neural tube. B)A cavity called the ventricle. C)A hollow tube called the stem cell. D)A cavity called the amniotic sac.

A)A hollow tube called the neural tube.

26.In an experiment it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be skittish, nervous, and high-strung would develop into calm, exploratory, and stress-resistant adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, attentive mothers. The researchers concluded that: A)although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change. B)the genes controlling the rats' behavior must have mutated. C)although the rats' DNA changed, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did not. D)the epigenetic changes were inherited from the previous generation of temperamental rats and were only expressed when the environment was favorable.

A)although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change.

17.One problem with the genotype-as-a-blueprint analogy is that: A)environmental factors influence the actual phenotype displayed. B)even though genes directly control physical development and behavior, the final result is never predictable. C)the genotype does not direct and control any aspect of development as it unfolds over the lifespan. D)environmental factors have little or no influence on the phenotype displayed.

A)environmental factors influence the actual phenotype displayed.

25.In an experiment it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be skittish, nervous, and high-strung would develop into calm, exploratory, and stress-resistant adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, attentive mothers. Although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change, a phenomenon called: A)epigenetic change. C)recessive gene mutation. B)allele variation. D)dominant gene mutation.

A)epigenetic change.

11.The human genome: A)is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism. B)contains 23 pairs of genes. C)is almost identical to that of primates and contains approximately 250,000 kinds of chromosomes. D)has been hypothesized since the early 1900s but scientists have yet to prove that it exists.

A)is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism.

42.If Claudia wishes to make sure that her newborn infant can see her face as clearly as possible, Claudia should position her face so that she is about _____ away from her newborn's face. A)six to twelve inches B)two to five inches C)two to three feet D)four to six feet

A)six to twelve inches

14.Because different genotypes react differently to environmental factors, psychologists and other scientists speak of _____ to develop in a particular way. A)the genetic predisposition B)the genetic blueprint C)the environmental predisposition D)the epigenetic tendency

A)the genetic predisposition

35.When you put your finger on your newborn nephew's palm, he curls his own fingers around yours, grasping your finger tightly. You have triggered what sort of behavior? A)the grasping reflex B)the rooting reflex C)the stepping reflex D)a newborn's inborn preference to seek human contact

A)the grasping reflex

22.Epigenetics refers to: A)the study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health. B)the study of harmful agents or substances that can cause malformation or defects in an embryo or fetus. C)the study of karyotypes and the contribution of chromosomes to the development of genotypes. D)the scientific study of the complete set of DNA in the human organism

A)the study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health.

21.Humans carry all of the genes necessary to develop a tail but we typically don't develop tails because: A)those genes are never activated. B)those genes can only be activated by external factors that no longer exist in our present environment. C)we have also inherited a copy of the dominant "no tails" gene. D)we have also inherited two recessive "no tails" genes.

A)those genes are never activated.

5.Some aspects of development, such as prenatal development and language development, are closely tied to _____ which are periods during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences. A) germinal periods B) critical periods C) embryonic periods D) fetal periods

B) critical periods

36.Touching a newborn's lips evokes the _____ reflex. A) grasping B) sucking C) rooting D) stepping

B) sucking

7.Which best characterizes the typical course of human development? A)Development occurs in distinct stages that are characterized by abrupt changes in physical, mental, and social growth. B)Gradual, unfolding changes throughout the ages and stages of life characterize human development. C)Development is viewed as occurring in four distinct stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. D)Biological factors cause environmental factors to shape the course of development.

B)Gradual, unfolding changes throughout the ages and stages of life characterize human development.

8.Which of the following statements best represents contemporary thinking on the nature/nurture issue? A)Environmental factors can determine the expression of genetic potential, but only during infancy. B)The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other. C)While genetic factors determine personality, environmental factors determine intelligence and cognitive ability. D)Genetic factors alone determine physical appearance, including height and weight, but only environmental factors influence personality characteristics.

B)The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

24.Sheena and Tina are identical twins who developed from a single zygote and share identical DNA. Nevertheless, as they develop, differences in physical and psychological characteristics become evident. These differences are due to: A)each twin's unique genetic blueprint. B)epigenetic change. C)allele variation. D)genotypic change.

B)epigenetic change.

27.In an experiment it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be calm and stress-resistant grew up to be nervous, high-strung, and easily stressed adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, inattentive mothers. The explanation for these results was that: A)the rats' DNA changed because of their upbringing. B)epigenetic changes had taken place that changed their brain chemistry and literally "reprogrammed" their behavior. C)severe genetic mutations had taken place from one generation to the next. D)the rats' DNA was damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins.

B)epigenetic changes had taken place that changed their brain chemistry and literally "reprogrammed" their behavior.

15.Phenotype is to genotype as: A)inherited genes are to expressed characteristics. B)expressed characteristics are to inherited genes. C)recessive traits are to dominant traits. D)dominant traits are to recessive traits.

B)expressed characteristics are to inherited genes.

37.The rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes: A)become stronger and more pronounced during the first six months of life. B)gradually disappear over the first year of life and are replaced by voluntary behaviors. C)disappear within the first month of life. D)first appear at about three months of age.

B)gradually disappear over the first year of life and are replaced by voluntary behaviors.

6.In terms of development, a critical period: A)is the period of prenatal development extending from the third week through the eighth week. B)is a period during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences. C)is a period during which a child is maximally sensitive to genetic influences. D)is the third and longest period of prenatal development extending from the ninth week until birth.

B)is a period during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences.

9.Your unique genotype: A)has changed dramatically as you have progressed through the various ages and stages of the lifespan. B)is found in the chromosomes of every cell in your body, except for your reproductive cells (sperm or eggs). C)is comprised of 23 pairs of genes. D)is found in dominant gene pairs but not in recessive gene pairs.

B)is found in the chromosomes of every cell in your body, except for your reproductive cells (sperm or eggs).

40.The newborn's senses are most keenly attuned to what sort of stimuli? A)brightly colored objects, especially moving objects B)people, especially faces C)food, especially milk and cookies D)loud sounds, especially sounds that seem threatening

B)people, especially faces

28.In addition to interactions among genes, and between genotype and environmental influences, another crucial factor in the relationship between genotype and phenotype is: A)the fact that gene expression is inflexible and unresponsive to internal factors. B)that genes can mutate or spontaneously change from one generation to the next. C)that because of the blood-brain barrier, teratogens such as exposure to radiation or chemical toxins do not affect the genotype or damage DNA. D)the fact that the vast majority of genes in the human genome are never expressed.

B)that genes can mutate or spontaneously change from one generation to the next.

12.The term genotype refers to: A)a recessive gene that is found only on the X chromosome. B)the genetic makeup of an organism. C)a computer-enhanced image of the genes found embedded in a single chromosome. D)a category of living organisms that are genetically related.

B)the genetic makeup of an organism.

31.A structure called _____ eventually thickens into three bulges that will form the three main regions of the brain: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. A)the ventricle B)the neural tube C)the epigenetic structure D)the amniotic sac

B)the neural tube

41.Although Baby Emma was only a few hours old, she would turn her head to visually follow which sort of moving stimulus? A) a red ball B) a black-and-white mobile C) a human face D) a green block

C) a human face

1.The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan is called: A)cognitive psychology. C)developmental psychology. B)humanistic psychology. D)epigenetics.

C)developmental psychology.

23.Most developmental psychologists believe that gene expression is: A)inflexible and unresponsive to both internal and external factors. B)primarily influenced by the fixed, master plan, or genotype that people are born with. C)flexible and responsive to both internal and external factors. D)determined by the genetic blueprint people are born with and unfolds in an inevitable manner over the lifespan.

C)flexible and responsive to both internal and external factors.

13.If Gerry's genotype contains a copy of the dominant freckles gene: A)he will never develop freckles even with exposure to sunlight. B)he will inevitably develop freckles regardless of environmental influences, such as exposure to sunlight. C)he will not develop freckles unless the expression of that dominant gene is triggered by a specific environmental factor, sunlight. D)it will also contain two inherited recessive genes that need to be activated in order for him to develop freckles.

C)he will not develop freckles unless the expression of that dominant gene is triggered by a specific environmental factor, sunlight.

16.The term phenotype refers to: A)a dominant gene found only on the X chromosome. B)a computer-enhanced image of the chromosomal makeup of a single organism. C)the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. D)the complete set of genes that an organism has inherited.

C)the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors

33.Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered which reflex? A)the sucking reflex B)the quickening reflex C)the rooting reflex D)the grasping reflex

C)the rooting reflex

3.At every age and stage of life, _____ psychologists investigate the influence of multiple factors on development, including biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors. A) epigenetic B) cognitive C) biological D) developmental

D) developmental

32.The fetal brain is constantly changing, forming as many as 2 million synaptic connections per second. By the_____ month of prenatal development, the fetus has all the brain cells it will have at birth. A) first B) third C) second D) fifth

D) fifth

20.Which of the following factors was listed in your textbook as a possible trigger for gene activity? A)internal chemical changes B)external environmental influences on the organism C)the activity of other genes D)All of the Answers are correct.

D)All of the Answers are correct.

29.Two crucial factors in the relationship between genotype and phenotype are interactions among genes, and interactions between genotype and environmental influences. Which of the following is NOT listed as important in considering the relationship between genotype and phenotype? A)DNA can be damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins. B)Errors in the genetic code can disrupt production of the correct proteins and lead to birth defects or genetic disorders. C)Genes can mutate, or change spontaneously, from one generation to the next. D)Epigenetic changes determine how an individual's genetic blueprint directs and controls all aspects of development as it unfolds over the lifespan.

D)Epigenetic changes determine how an individual's genetic blueprint directs and controls all aspects of development as it unfolds over the lifespan.

2.Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology? A)clinical psychology C)epigenetics B)humanistic psychology D)developmental psychology

D)developmental psychology

10.The diverse characteristics of different body cells develop because: A)each cell type contains a distinct set of genes that is specific to that type of cell. B)each body cell type contains a different set of chromosomes. C)they contain a different genotype. D)different genes are activated.

D)different genes are activated.

4.Developmental psychologists divide the lifespan into: A)four distinct psychosocial stages of development and six physical stages of development. B)genetic and environmental phases of development. C)continuous and abrupt aspects of development. D)eight age-related stages of development.

D)eight age-related stages of development.

18.People with a particular genetic configuration will be more or less sensitive to particular environmental factors. This is referred to as a person's _____ to develop in a particular way. A)epigenetic tendency B)genetic blueprint C)environmental predisposition D)genetic predisposition

D)genetic predisposition

19.Unlike Donna, who usually gets a nice tan when exposed to sunlight, Derek has a tendency to sunburn easily. Donna and Derek obviously have different sensitivities to the same environmental factor. This example illustrates their different _____. A)epigenetic predispositions B)environmental predispositions C)karotypic predispositions D)genetic predispositions.

D)genetic predispositions.