psychology test 2

Narcolepsy

cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times

Cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones, and MDMA are all

central nervous stimulants that agonize dopamine neurotransmission

stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

restless leg syndrome

has uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep

A person is considered to be blind if they

have no conscious experience of the visual world. This conscious experience is based off the flow of information from the eyes through the thalamus in the middle of the brain to the primary visual cortex and the occipital lobe at the back of the brain. if the primary visual cortex is damage or fails to receive input due to the disruption of visual pathway, then the person will not see the objects and events that we normally associate with vision

The bodies biological clock is located in the

hypothalamus

The ________ play a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

hypothalamus and thalamus

Superchiasmatix nucleus SCN

in people, the brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the homothalmus known as SCN, comprised of about 20,000 nerve cells.

Awareness of external stimuli

include seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend

A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device

includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

Awareness of internal stimuli

includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions

Chronotype

individual differences in circadian rhythms

methamphetamine

methamphetamine type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

parasomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

Slow-wave sleep is important for

recuperation of the mind-body system

Sleep regulation

refers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating the cycle with the outside world

latent content

refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the woman's fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a man's penis.

night terrors

result in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience longer sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

activation-synthesis theory

states that dreams don't actually mean anything. Instead, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories.

The threat-simulation theory

suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism

Keesha finds it helpful to unwind at the end of the day by practicing meditation. This is defined as

the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.

sleepwalking or somnambulism

the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals

Growth mindset

they think of talent as something that is developed through effort, they understand that any of us can be good at anything as long as were willing to put in the time to build our skill set in that area

k- complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

cataplexy

which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles.

Rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. In such instances, the individual's schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained.

Conscious experience

your conscious experience of the world around you, of the choices and decisions you make, end of the emotions and attitude that motivate you are not the totally of your mental activity or of your brains processing of information

One prominent neurobiological theory of dreaming is the activation-synthesis theory.

According to this theory, dreams are electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. The theory posits that humans construct dream stories after they wake up, in a natural attempt to make sense of the nonsensical

Blindsight

occurs because the visual system has a primary pathway (retina to thalamus to primary visual cortex), but it also has secondary pathways (retina to thalamus to other brain areas). These "other brain areas" include parts of the frontal lobe that guide eye movements, parts of the midbrain that help guide visual attention, and parts of the occipital lobe that process features of the visual perception, including shape, movement, and color.

obstructive sleep apnea

occurs when an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

opiate/opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

Hallucinogens

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

lucid dreaming

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

non-REM (NREM) sleep

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

The ________ gland in the endocrine system is important in releasing ________, which helps regulate biological rhythms.

pineal; melatonin

The expectation-fulfillment theory

posits that dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals (however minor) that haven't been expressed during the day.

The continual-activation theory

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis.

sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency.

stage 2 sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

Sleep-wake cycles

seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCN—the biological clock of the body—in addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Scarlett has slept terribly the past 3 nights as some neighbors have had visitors in town and been up making noise all night long. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

spend more time in REM sleep.

methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

stage 3 sleep

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 sleep

theta waves

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

methadone clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

Withdrawl

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

Melatonin

One important regulator of sleep wake cycles is the hormone melatonin. The pineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms end of the immune system during sleep

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls

psychical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

Wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behaviour

psychoactive drugs

chemical substances that alters brain functioning, causing changes to consciousness, perception, mood, and thoughts

Meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other

cognitive benefits

jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia

biological clock/innate timing device

comprised of specific molecules (proteins) that interact in cells throughout the body

insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

Consciousness

describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli, A continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep

central sleep apnea

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

Stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

Depressants

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

psychological dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

Pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

sleep apnea

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops. These episodes can last 10-20 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue.

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

Biological rhythms

internal rhythms of biological activity

collective unconsciousness

is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia

manifest content

is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream.

Fixed mindset

many of us tend to think of intelligence is something that we can't really change, this line of thinking prevents you from learning

here are two types of sleep apnea

obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea

Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are central nervous system depressants that affect

GABA neurotransmission

Alcohol intoxication is measured for legal and medical uses in terms of Blood Alcohol Content (BAC).

A BAC of 0.10 (0.10% or one-tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 ml of blood. While a BAC of 0.0 is sober, in the United States a BAC of 0.08 is legally intoxicated, and above that is considered very impaired. BAC levels above 0.40 are potentially fatal

circadian rhythm

A biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours

Chronotype

A persons individual chronotype may show that a person has a greater propensity to sleep earlier and wake up earlier or to stay up late and sleep in

Sleep

A state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

A/an________ affects the CNS and leads to dizziness, nausea, and eventually a loss of consciousness

A high dose of alcohol affects the central nervous system. Senses are dulled. Drinker is in a stupor, dizzy, and can lose consciousness

A/an________ acts to remove social inhibitions by slowing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.

A low dose of alcohol affects higher nervous centers. Drinker loses inhibitions and relaxes as the sympathetic nervous system begins to slow.

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission

Serotonin

Substance use disorder is defined in

DSM-5 as a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences. Both physical and psychological dependence are important parts of this disorder.

The belief that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day is consistent with ________ theories about sleep

Evolutionary

________ believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

Rosalind Cartwright

meta-analysis

Study that combines the results of several related studies

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep

The pituitary gland acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce growth

homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a balance, or optimum level, within a biological system

Which is the best explanation of how blindsight can happen?

Visual information from the eye is being processed unconsciously, so people with blindsight don't know that they are visually processing information.

Caffeine is another stimulant drug

While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Caffeine is found in many common medicines

The pituitary gland secretes ________ during sleep, which aids in maturation.

a growth hormone