Psychology Topic 9

Hugh is sad that his best friend is studying abroad for the entire academic year. His brother tries to get him to go to some social events, but Hugh does not want to do anything. Hugh's behavior is not energized, directed, or sustained, and he is lacking Select one: a. motivation. b. emotion. c. self-actualization. d. homeostasis.

a. motivation.

Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with the ________ of emotion. Select one: a. physiological processes b. subjective evaluations c. cognitive beliefs d. primary evolutionary adaptations

a. physiological processes

Gertrude is close to finishing her degree in biology and has been offered several good jobs in her field. However, Gertrude decides that she really wants to become a carpenter. She quits school and becomes a very happy and successful carpenter. According to Maslow, Gertrude Select one: a. does not have a need for achievement. b. is self-actualized. c. has high self-esteem. d. is behaving according to her set point.

b. is self-actualized.

When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it Select one: a. generates a drive to satisfy a need. b. stabilizes conditions in the body. c. creates a state of arousal. d. uses incentives to reduce drives.

b. stabilizes conditions in the body.

Blake is waiting to hear whether he has been accepted to medical school. He is so anxious that he is having trouble working. To cope with the situation, he tries to keep himself from thinking about it by practicing the guitar. In doing so, Blake is dealing with his feelings through Select one: a. rumination. b. thought suppression. c. distraction. d. reappraisal.

c. distraction.

Researchers have found that the physical expression of pride tends to be more biologically based than culturally specific. Each of the following research findings support this claim EXCEPT Select one: a. both sighted and blind athletes show very similar expressions of pride when they win. b. populations with minimal western contact can accurately identify physical expressions of pride. c. young children are able to recognize when a person is expressing pride. d. people in isolated communities cannot identify expressions of pride on the faces of people who are outside of their culture.

d. people in isolated communities cannot identify expressions of pride on the faces of people who are outside of their culture.

After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is coping with his feelings through Select one: a. thought suppression. b. misattribution. c. distraction. d. rumination.

d. rumination.

Hernando and Fiona are in an advanced math class, which they love. In order to increase his effort in the class, Hernando's parents give him $5 for every "A" that he gets. Fiona's parents do not reward her for good grades. Fiona is more likely to do well in the class because of Select one: a. self-perception theory. b. self-efficacy. c. delayed gratification. d. self-determination theory.

d. self-determination theory.

Your sister complains that she hates how she feels guilty all the time. To cheer her up, you want to tell her about the ways in which guilt can be adaptive. Which of the following things would you tell her? Select one: a. Guilt strengthens relationships by showing that you care about the other person. b. Only survivor guilt can have negative psychological consequences. c. Guilt is adaptive, unless you are not responsible for the negative outcome. d. Feeling guilt signals that you are an emotionally healthy member of society.

a. Guilt strengthens relationships by showing that you care about the other person.

Janet and Joan are on a hot air balloon ride. They experience identical patterns of physiological arousal: increased heart rate, sweaty palms, pupil dilation, and increased breathing. After each woman assesses the environment, Janet feels happy while Joan is very scared. Which theory of emotion can best explain this difference? Select one: a. Schacter-Singer two-factor b. misattribution c. Cannon-Bard d. James-Lange

a. Schacter-Singer two-factor

Cyril is writing an essay on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Which of the following should he include as a critique of the theory? Select one: a. Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness. b. It is limited to Western cultures. c. It defines the nature of a need too broadly. d. It underestimates the role of physiological factors. Check

a. Self-actualization may not be necessary for happiness.

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion? Select one: a. You are afraid because you are shaking. b. You are shaking because you are afraid. c. You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary. d. You are shaking and you are afraid.

a. You are afraid because you are shaking.

Marty just lost 15 pounds. Even though she has better eating habits, she has a strong urge to eat more frequently than she did before she lost the weight. The most likely reason for Marty's problem is Select one: a. an increase in ghrelin. b. a decrease in glucose. c. a decrease in leptin. d. equal levels of leptin and ghrelin.

a. an increase in ghrelin.

Lisa does not like going to her sister Megan's piano recitals, but she finds that if she forces herself to smile during the recital, she will ________, as predicted by the ________. Select one: a. begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis b. begin to feel happy; Cannon-Bard theory c. not feel any differently than she did before; facial-feedback hypothesis d. not feel any differently than she did before; Cannon-Bard theory

a. begin to feel happy; facial-feedback hypothesis

Blythe had a large breakfast in the late morning. Even though she was planning to skip lunch, she starts to feel hungry at noon and decides to eat. The fact that Blythe wants to eat at her normal lunchtime even though she ate a late breakfast can be best explained by Select one: a. classical conditioning. b. homeostatic adjustment. c. poor self-regulation. d. low self-efficacy.

a. classical conditioning.

While explaining affect-as-information theory to her roommate, Bianca should most likely say that we use Select one: a. current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods. b. prior moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods. c. current moods to make judgments, but only if we know the source of our moods. d. prior moods to make judgments, but only if we know the source of our moods.

a. current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods.

Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of Select one: a. display rules. b. cues from the experimenter. c. responding to interpersonal rather than intrapersonal factors. d. emotional conformity.

a. display rules.

Luke needs about seven hours of sleep a night. During his spring break, however, he sleeps 10 hours just because he enjoys it so much. Luke's behavior is difficult to explain with which of the following motivation theories? Select one: a. drive reduction b. incentives c. optimal arousal d. the pleasure principle

a. drive reduction

Ming is hiking around a lake to photograph it from a variety of angles, but she forgot to bring water with her. Soon, she cannot concentrate and goes back to her car to satisfy her thirst. Which of the following factors is most likely influencing Ming's behavior in this situation? Select one: a. drive reduction b. incentive c. optimal arousal d. the pleasure principle

a. drive reduction

Troy finds it very hard to lose weight. No matter how often he exercises, he keeps gaining weight instead of losing it. He thinks that he has a genetic predisposition to be overweight, which has most likely made him sensitive to the hunger-promoting effects of Select one: a. ghrelin. b. leptin. c. the hypothalamus. d. the gustatory cortex.

a. ghrelin.

John really wants to become a doctor. He continues working toward his goal, despite the fact that he has trouble with the course work and has difficulty getting admitted to college and paying for his education. John's willingness to keep working toward his goal, despite the setbacks, is an indication that John has Select one: a. grit. b. external motivation. c. internal motivation. d. natural talent.

a. grit.

Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Quincy to have ________ levels of fear. Select one: a. high b. low c. absent d. unpredictable

a. high

From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ________. Select one: a. increases; promotes adaptive behaviors b. decreases; interferes with adaptive learning c. decreases; promotes negative behaviors d. increases; interferes with responses to pain

a. increases; promotes adaptive behaviors

Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident. During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries. When compared with Garnet, you would expect Eva to be ________ to develop a conditioned fear to buses. Select one: a. less likely b. more likely c. equally likely d. unlikely

a. less likely

When you are hungry, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is________. After you finish a big meal, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is ________. Select one: a. low; high b. high; low c. low; low d. high; high

a. low; high

Emilio has an "A" average, and Claudio has a "C" average. Both men have career aspirations of becoming aeronautical engineers to work for NASA. Claudio likely has ________ than Emilio. Select one: a. lower achievement motivation b. higher achievement motivation c. better delayed gratification d. worse delayed gratification

a. lower achievement motivation

Ross is explaining the different theories of emotion to his younger brother. When describing the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, he explains that a situation causes a Select one: a. physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label. b. cognitive label and the physiological response follows. c. physiological label that is followed by a physiological response. d. physiological response that is followed by a physiological label.

a. physiological response that is followed by a cognitive label.

ecently, Miriam's violin instructor tells her that she has to practice three hours a day for a competition. Although Miriam usually practices more than three hours, she suddenly finds that she enjoys playing a lot less. Self-determination theory suggests that Miriam's sudden loss of interest happened because Select one: a. she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice. b. she is afraid of not doing well at the competition. c. the competition is now more important than the music. d. playing has become work, not pleasure.

a. she no longer feels that she is choosing to practice.

Beth's entire family has a high achievement motivation. Which of the following is Beth NOT likely to observe in her family members? Select one: a. unrealistically high career goals b. attainable personal goals c. high exam scores d. high grades in career-related classes

a. unrealistically high career goals

Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because Select one: a. very high arousal can hurt her performance. b. very low arousal can help her performance. c. extrinsic motivation will reduce her ability to focus. d. self-efficacy will increase her ability to focus.

a. very high arousal can hurt her performance.

Cole gets easily embarrassed in social situations. He is worried that this trait will hurt his relationships and social interactions. Following psychological theories on embarrassment, what should you tell him? Select one: a. Feeling embarrassed just highlights the awkward situation and makes it worse. b. Feeling embarrassed helps interpersonal awkwardness and strengthens relationships. c. Feeling embarrassed helps close relationships but does not help casual encounters. d. Embarrassment is only considered a nonverbal apology if a person also blushes.

b. Feeling embarrassed helps interpersonal awkwardness and strengthens relationships.

In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion? Select one: a. Cannon-Bard b. James-Lange c. Schacter-Singer two-factor d. misattribution

b. James-Lange

Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy? Select one: a. Satisfaction is an emotion, not a need. b. Lower needs must be met before higher needs. c. Satisfying the need for esteem requires financial success. d. Lower and higher needs cannot be met simultaneously.

b. Lower needs must be met before higher needs.

Paloma's parents spent a great deal of time with her when she was growing up; they always made her feel loved and valued. Erhard's parents loved him, but they were always busy and distant. As an adult, who is likely to experience more guilt, and why? Select one: a. Erhard, because he never felt secure attachment b. Paloma, because she has developed the ability to empathize c. Erhard, because he never feels valued or important d. Paloma, because she feels obligated to repay her parents

b. Paloma, because she has developed the ability to empathize

Linda is feeling shaky, her heart is racing, and her mouth is dry. She attributes these symptoms to the fact that she has a big presentation in five minutes and she is nervous. Which theory of emotion best explains Linda's experience? Select one: a. James-Lange b. Schacter-Singer two-factor c. Cannon-Bard d. misattribution

b. Schacter-Singer two-factor

You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? Select one: a. You are afraid because you are shaking. b. You are shaking because you are afraid. c. You are shaking because you know that a snake is scary. d. You are shaking and you are afraid.

b. You are shaking because you are afraid.

After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases. What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose? Select one: a. When glucose reaches a certain level, your hypothalamus stops producing it. b. Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose. c. Your stomach releases ghrelin to counteract the glucose. d. Your fat cells release leptin, which tells your hypothalamus to stop producing glucose.

b. Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.

You are taking part in an experiment on emotions. You are shown an isolated face and are certain that the face is expressing sadness. Then you are shown the same sad face paired with a fearful body posture. According to the research, how will you categorize the emotion? Select one: a. as sadness b. as fear c. as surprise d. as anger

b. as fear

You are planning an upcoming trip to Namibia for a service project. The research on facial expressions and emotion would suggest you should Select one: a. take care because the Namibians will not be able to read your facial expressions. b. assume that you are reading the Namibians' facial expressions accurately. c. not worry about how to communicate with the Namibian people. d. not worry about misinterpretation because all expressions are recognized in every culture.

b. assume that you are reading the Namibians' facial expressions accurately.

Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive. Select one: a. actualization b. belonging c. efficacy d. affiliation

b. belonging

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the cortex to the amygdala Select one: a. initiates memory retrieval. b. confirms whether a threat is present. c. selects a response. d. determines the appropriate response.

b. confirms whether a threat is present.

Tara is shooting hockey pucks into a net. If she has a low need for achievement, she will probably take ________ practice shots. Select one: a. moderately difficult b. very easy c. no d. many

b. very easy

When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and have violated her Select one: a. ability to read facial expressions. b. cultural display rules. c. affect-as-information theory. d. emotional judgment.

b. cultural display rules.

During recess, children are trying to balance a seesaw. If one side is too low, a heavier child will get off and be replaced by a lighter child; if one side is too high, a lighter child will be replaced by a heavier one. The children's behavior is similar to our biological states as they try to create Select one: a. drive satisfaction. b. equilibrium. c. arousal. d. a habit.

b. equilibrium.

Kirsten and Dustin have gone down the most demanding ski trail at the resort. Back at the lodge, they are feeling extra excitement from finishing their trail and suddenly find that their attraction for each other has increased greatly. This effect is most likely due to Select one: a. physiological arousal. b. excitation transfer. c. reappraisal. d. emotion labeling.

b. excitation transfer.

In a study, male participants are given a drug that makes them feel extremely happy. Participants in Group A are told that the drug will make them happy. Participants in Group B are not told about the effects of the drug. Later on, an attractive woman enters the room. According to the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, Group A is less likely to feel attracted to the woman because these participants Select one: a. were already happy when they came to the experiment. b. expected positive feelings from the drug. c. identified the positive feelings later. d. were not told about the effects of the drug.

b. expected positive feelings from the drug.

Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation. Select one: a. intrinsic; extrinsic b. extrinsic; intrinsic c. intrinsic; intrinsic d. extrinsic; extrinsic

b. extrinsic; intrinsic

Angelica claims to be an expert at reading people's emotions through their expressions. When asked how she does it, Angelica claims that she uses people's ________ to give her the best cues as to how they are feeling. Select one: a. noses b. eyes c. foreheads d. chins

b. eyes

Ekman and colleagues found that several emotions are common to people around the world, including all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. fear. b. guilt. c. sadness. d. disgust.

b. guilt.

Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n) Select one: a. incentive. b. habit. c. drive. d. need.

b. habit.

One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the Select one: a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. frontal lobe d. hippocampus

b. hypothalamus

While it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept EXCEPT when guilt Select one: a. discourages people from doing things that harm their relationships. b. is used to deceive others. c. demonstrates that people care about their partners. d. encourages people to be honest in their relationships.

b. is used to deceive others.

Recently, people have started laughter groups. These groups get together on a regular basis to laugh for a period of time. Even though the laughter occurs without humor, group members show improved mental and physical health. This happens because Select one: a. the act of laughing is a cue to positive affect. b. laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise. c. we base our moods on our actions. d. laughter activates our hippocampus. Check

b. laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise.

Antoinette is a real risk taker. She loves to skydive, and she can party all night. Benita dislikes risk taking and prefers quieter activities, such as reading and yoga. These contrasting preferences in the rate of physiological activation they experience suggest that Antoinette and Benita differ in their Select one: a. extrinsic motivations. b. optimal levels of arousal. c. intrinsic motivations. d. self-actualization.

b. optimal levels of arousal.

Terry's home was destroyed in a hurricane. It is hard to find food, so he is constantly hungry. However, he feels lucky because his family survived and he is together with his loved ones. According to Maslow's theory, Terry's ________ needs are not met, but his ________ needs are being met. Select one: a. safety; esteem b. physiological; belonging c. physiological; esteem d. safety; belonging

b. physiological; belonging

Jalila reads the paper every day because she is intrinsically motivated. Jalila most likely reads the paper because Select one: a. she uses it to find grocery coupons to save herself money. b. she feels a need to keep current with world events. c. it keeps her mind occupied during her boring staff meetings. d. it prevents the person next to her on the train from talking to her.

b. she feels a need to keep current with world events.

If Phong makes his girlfriend Regina dinner and his menu selection is influenced by his culture, he would most likely make Regina Select one: a. french fries, because he can make them very well. b. snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam. c. spinach salad, which she eats several times a week. d. chicken pot pie, because it was her favorite food growing up.

b. snake wine, because it is a delicacy in his native Vietnam.

Cynthia's psychology professor asks the class not to think about purple unicorns. Though Cynthia has never once before thought about a purple unicorn, she finds that she cannot stop thinking about them. Cynthia is experiencing ________ as a result of her attempts at ________. Select one: a. the rebound effect; rumination b. the rebound effect; thought suppression c. distraction; rumination d. distraction; thought suppression

b. the rebound effect; thought suppression

Noor and Ahmad, 4-year-old twins, are shopping with their mother. She offers to buy them each a small cookie now or a large toy later if they are good during the shopping trip. Noor takes the cookie, but Ahmad waits for the toy. Based on this, who will be more successful in high school? Select one: a. Noor, because he has a higher achievement motivation b. Noor, because he can delay gratification c. Ahmad, because he can delay gratification d. Ahmad, because he has a higher achievement motivation

c. Ahmad, because he can delay gratification

Shana wants to establish an exercise routine, but she really does not like to work out. If she decides to use incentives to motivate her exercising behavior, which of the following is Shana most likely to do? Select one: a. focus on how much pleasure she feels when she is exercising b. work out at midnight when she has the most energy c. buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks d. weigh herself each morning to decide how much she needs to exercise that day

c. buy herself a new pair of shoes after exercising every day for two weeks

Raymond is studying for finals and has not slept for almost two days. He finally realizes he is exhausted and goes home from the library to sleep. Raymond's desire to go home and get some rest so that he no longer feels tired is a(n) Select one: a. goal. b. incentive. c. drive. d. need.

c. drive.

When going to her office on the seventh floor, June either takes the elevator or the stairs. If June takes the stairs, she will be annoyed when asked a simple question by her coworkers. However, if June takes the elevator, she is more patient. The irritated reaction that occurs when June is physiologically aroused by climbing the stairs is an example of Select one: a. the facial-feedback hypothesis. b. an emotion label. c. excitation transfer. d. reappraisal.

c. excitation transfer.

While studying Ekman's work on expressions of emotions, Tanino is surprised to find out that the strongest cross-cultural agreement in the identification of emotions involves ________, and the weakest involves ________. Select one: a. fear and disgust; happiness b. happiness and joy; fear and pain c. happiness; fear and disgust d. fear and pain; happiness and joy

c. happiness; fear and disgust

The final project for your class is due in a few days. You ask a classmate how his project is going. He tells you that he has not started, because no matter how hard he tries, he can never get a good grade. Based on this statement, it is likely that your classmate Select one: a. is low in achievement motivation. b. is high in achievement motivation. c. has low self-efficacy. d. has high self-efficacy.

c. has low self-efficacy.

Janelle knows that motivational states are directive, meaning that they Select one: a. call attention to important goals. b. activate us to do something. c. help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs. d. determine a pattern of physiological activation.

c. help guide behaviors that satisfy our needs.

Sydney, who is currently in a good mood, has been asked about her life satisfaction. According to the affect-as-information theory, Sydney will most likely respond that she Select one: a. cannot answer without thinking for a while about all aspects of her life. b. is generally unhappy with her life. c. is generally happy with her life. d. does not feel happy or unhappy.

c. is generally happy with her life.

Pluto the dog is hit by a car while chasing a squirrel. Afterward, he starts losing weight and does not seem interested in eating his food. Pluto is most likely having problems with the part of the brain that processes the hormone ________, which should indicate when to stop eating. Select one: a. ghrelin b. glucose c. leptin d. insulin

c. leptin

Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called Select one: a. glucose. b. ghrelin. c. leptin. d. insulin.

c. leptin.

Tamera and Kai found a house they want to buy. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having a miserable day at work, Kai goes back to look at the house again. Tamera predicts that Kai will like the house Select one: a. more because it will remind him of Tamera. b. more because of rumination. c. less because of affect-as-information theory. d. less because his second look will be more objective.

c. less because of affect-as-information theory.

Tamera and Kai found a house they want to buy. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having a miserable day at work, Kai goes back to look at the house again. Tamera predicts that Kai will like the house Select one: a. more because it will remind him of Tamera. b. more because of rumination. c. less because of affect-as-information theory. d. less because his second look will be more objective.

c. less because of affect-as-information theory.

Mr. Griffin has a class full of students with high achievement motivation. To help these students do well on his calculus exam, Mr. Griffin should write questions that are Select one: a. difficult. b. easy. c. moderately difficult. d. variable in their difficulties.

c. moderately difficult.

Jerome's boat sank in cold water and his body temperature is dangerously low, so he starts swimming to raise his body temperature. According to motivational theory, Jerome's low temperature created a deficient state called a(n) ________, which in turn created a motivating state called a(n) ________ to increase his temperature. Select one: a. habit; incentive b. incentive; habit c. need; drive d. drive; need

c. need; drive

Lulu has a hard time sitting still and concentrating when doing her homework. Lulu's father says to her "If you can sit still and focus for 10 minutes and get these three math problems right then we can play soccer together for a while." Lulu's father is trying to motivate a change in her behavior by Select one: a. supporting Lulu in reaching self-actualization about math homework. b. getting Lulu to an optimal level of arousal to do the math homework. c. offering Lulu an incentive to finish the math homework. d. helping Lulu to increase her intrinsic motivation to complete the math homework.

c. offering Lulu an incentive to finish the math homework.

Mabel is comparing theories of emotion. When studying the Schacter-Singer two-factor theory, she notes that people experience emotion through Select one: a. simultaneous physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. b. the subjective emotion followed by the physiological response. c. physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation. d. the emotion correlated with the physiological response pattern.

c. physiological arousal followed by cognitive interpretation.

Current research about the role of the amygdala in emotion suggests that the path from the thalamus to the amygdala Select one: a. initiates memory retrieval. b. confirms whether a threat is present. c. prepares one to respond to the threat. d. determines the appropriate response.

c. prepares one to respond to the threat.

Delia lives far from her family and rarely visits them. On a recent trip home, Delia realizes that her nephews do not know who she is. This makes Delia feel remorseful. Because remorse is a blend of other feelings, Delia is experiencing a(n) ________ emotion. Select one: a. positive b. objective c. secondary d. primary

c. secondary

Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her pregnancy, she gained 25 pounds. After having her baby, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds is a(n) ________, and her body went back to it through the process of ________. Select one: a. optimal weight; equilibrium b. set point; equilibrium c. set point; homeostasis d. optimal weight; homeostasis

c. set point; homeostasis

Since anxiety can hurt test performance, Thatcher does relaxation exercises before a big exam. He is shocked when he does poorly on the exam. He would have been less surprised had he known about the relationship between physiological activation and performance, as described in Select one: a. self-determination theory. b. Cannon's theory of homeostasis. c. the Yerkes-Dodson law. d. Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

c. the Yerkes-Dodson law.

Roland tells himself that he must love soccer because he works so hard at it. Then, Roland's coach tells him he can get a full soccer scholarship to college. Now Roland tells himself that he is working so hard because he needs to earn a scholarship. Roland now enjoys soccer less. Self-perception theory would explain Roland's behavior by saying that Select one: a. he no longer feels that he is choosing to practice and play. b. he is afraid that he will start losing games. c. winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer. d. playing has become too much hard work.

c. winning the scholarship has become the reason for playing soccer.

Your siblings are arguing about who will be more successful in school. Your brother says that he will, because he has more natural talent and intelligence. Your sister thinks that she will, because she has more grit. You decide to settle the argument by telling them the latest research finding on whether natural talent or grit is more important in predicting success. What should you tell them? Select one: a. Intelligence is a better predictor than grit for educational attainment. b. Grit is only important in achieving short-term, but not long-term, goals. c. Intelligence is only important in achieving long-term, but not short-term, goals. d. Grit is a better predictor than intelligence for educational attainment.

d. Grit is a better predictor than intelligence for educational attainment.

John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information? Select one: a. Nate, who is outgoing and has many friends b. Suzanne, who is shy but has a close group of friends c. Akon, who belongs to many social groups d. Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

d. Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people

Jason gets excited every time he walks into his physics class. However, Jason has never really liked science, so he does not think that his excitement is due to the class. Instead, he decides that he must be attracted to his lab partner. Jason's misattribution of his arousal in an attempt to explain the excitement he feels is consistent with which theory of emotion? Select one: a. Cannon-Bard b. James-Lange c. Maslow's d. Schacter-Singer two-factor

d. Schacter-Singer two-factor

Kyoti and Niwako are discussing the places in town where they have met the best-looking men. Based on excitation transfer, which place will be at the top of the list? Select one: a. the library b. the laundromat c. a quiet restaurant d. a dance club

d. a dance club

Winona has difficulty determining how fearful someone is based on the person's facial expressions. Her friends worry that she can no longer process the emotional significance of stimuli due to brain damage and think there is a problem with Winona's Select one: a. hippocampus. b. prefrontal cortex. c. thalamus. d. amygdala.

d. amygdala.

Magdala blushes any time she makes even a slight social error. Magdala thinks this makes her unskilled in social situations and would love to be able to stop. The best information you can give Magdala is to tell her that people who blush do just fine in social situations because they Select one: a. actually have better social skills. b. are more empathetic. c. look more attractive to the people around them. d. are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake.

d. are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake.

When he misses lunch, August knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. August was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state of deficiency. Select one: a. goal b. incentive c. need d. drive

d. drive

Jie recently got out of a bad relationship. While she is excited to be single again, she is not sure how she will move forward on her own. Jie's uncertainty in making a subjective evaluation about her current situation means she is struggling with Select one: a. arousal. b. attitude. c. motivation. d. emotion.

d. emotion.

At a potluck, everyone brings his or her favorite dish to share. Gavin decides to avoid the foods he has never heard of before and instead eats only the macaroni and cheese he brought to the party. In this example, Gavin eating food he prepared himself suggests that he is most influenced by Select one: a. satiety cues. b. conditioning. c. the limbic system. d. familiarity.

d. familiarity.

Sally is having a hard time losing weight and keeping it off because the more weight she loses, the hungrier she feels. This condition is most likely due to the effects of ________, which triggers feelings of hunger. Select one: a. insulin b. leptin c. glucose d. ghrelin

d. ghrelin

Jake and Juanita have been married for 10 years. Though Jake has been tempted to have an extramarital affair, his emotion of ________ helps keep him faithful to his wife. Select one: a. sadness b. embarrassment c. pride d. guilt

d. guilt

You are training for a marathon. You spend all your extra time conditioning and practicing, because you know that the more effort you put in, the more likely you are to succeed. Based on this, it is likely that you have Select one: a. low intrinsic motivation. b. high intrinsic motivation. c. low self-efficacy. d. high self-efficacy.

d. high self-efficacy.

Mauricio does not get enough milk to drink and begins to eat chalk from his classroom to replace the missing calcium. Mauricio eating chalk in order to replenish the calcium in his body is an example of Select one: a. self-determination. b. a habit. c. an incentive. d. homeostasis.

d. homeostasis.

Cesar has done so well in his economics class that he only needs 43 out of 100 points on the final exam to receive an "A" in the class. Cesar still studies a lot because he wants to do well on the final. Cesar's behavior is affected by Select one: a. a drive. b. external motivation. c. a habit. d. internal motivation.

d. internal motivation.

Danny, who has a damaged amygdala, accidentally spilled kerosene on a campfire and got badly burned. Later, Danny's reaction to fire is that he Select one: a. knows it is dangerous and has a strong conditioned fear response to it. b. does not think it is dangerous and has no conditioned fear of it. c. does not think it is dangerous but becomes terrified around it. d. knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

d. knows it is dangerous but has no conditioned fear of it.

Daria is writing a lecture and wants to explain the difference between being motivated by states of biological deficiency versus being motivated by incentives. Which of the following should she include as an example of an incentive that can motivate behavior even though it is NOT related to a "need"? Select one: a. water b. sleep c. achievement d. money

d. money

Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. To effectively motivate her students, Makenna should Select one: a. set goals that are easy to meet so she can reward her students often. b. not set goals for them because they should be intrinsically motivated. c. allow each student to set his or her own goals so that everyone is likely to succeed. d. set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons.

d. set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons.

Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as Select one: a. unrelated. b. being felt simultaneously. c. someone trembles because he or she feels afraid. d. someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.

d. someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.

When re-creating Mischel's famous marshmallow delay-of-gratification study, Art finds that children who successfully wait to eat the marshmallow are LEAST likely to Select one: a. focus on a painting on the wall. b. play with another toy. c. sing a song. d. stare at the marshmallow.

d. stare at the marshmallow.

Stewart desperately wants a job in computers. During his interview, he is aggressive about his thoughts and ideas. A motivation theorist who believes in extrinsic motivation would say that Stewart's behavior in the interview is most likely motivated by Select one: a. the drive to achieve homeostasis. b. a strong need for esteem. c. a high optimal level of arousal. d. the incentive of wanting to earn a high salary.

d. the incentive of wanting to earn a high salary.

Jenna plans to be an engineer. However, she loves taking dance classes and makes time for them even if it means that she must skip a meal or not get much sleep. Jenna's behavior is best explained by Select one: a. a satisfaction of needs. b. drive reduction. c. incentives. d. the pleasure principle.

d. the pleasure principle.

Aman and Pavan are identical twins who were separated at birth. Whenever something goes wrong (even when it is not his fault), Pavan always feels guilty about it. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Aman to show ________ levels of guilt. Select one: a. high b. low c. absent d. unpredictable

d. unpredictable