Psychology Tri 1 Exam

According to cognitive psychologists, what factors influence people's behavior?

- family/friends - living situation - job environment

**Name the four reinforcement schedules. Give Examples for each.

1. Variable interval- checking email 2. Fixed interval- studying for a weekly quiz 3. Variable ratio-playing the lottery 4. Fixed ratio- getting one free meal after the purchase of ten

**List and Describe the 4 steps of the Modeling Process.

Attention - ability to pay attention Retention - ability to remember what was learned Reproduction - Ability to preform behavior Motivation - The want to copy the behavior

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

B. F. Skinner made major contributions to

Behaviorism

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

Chromosomes and DNA

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying

Human thinking and memory

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Humanism

John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of

Measurable behavior

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

**Provide real world examples that communicate the difference between Positive & Negative Reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement would be if a student completes all their homework then they get extra credit on the Test. Negative reinforcement would be if a student completes their homework then the teacher takes away the Test

**Explain what Primary & Secondary Reinforcers are. Give examples.

Primary reinforcers are food, water, shelter, sex Secondary reinforcers are money to obtain primary reinforcers

Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called

Structuralism

The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.

Temperature, touch, and pain

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective.

**Explain what reuptake inhibitors are designed to do and Why?

The reuptake inhibitors are designed to slow down or recycle to stop from an overdose

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt

Functionalism was established by

William James

survey

a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.

adrenal

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

amygdala

Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

androgens

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Which is not part of the Limbic System

reticular formation

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?

salary and years of education age and incidence of illness studying and gpa

A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.

sample

The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.

sociocultural

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.

spinal cord

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

The Adrenal Gland is responsible for controlling ______________

stress

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

A ________ scan is used to determine whether someone has a tumor, or significant brain atrophy

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine and serotonin

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

forensic

**List the 4 Lobes of the Brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

**Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype?

genotype is the actual gene and the phenotype is the physical manifestation of the traits.

The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:

glucagon and insulin

A __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart disease, cancer and diabetes

health

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

The Brain is divided into ForeBrain, MidBrain, and _________

hindbrain

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.

hormones

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

hypothalamus

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.

independent

In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.

independent variable

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

instincts

An advantage of survey research is that

it allows you to have a large sample size

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

latent learning

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.

learning

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

longitudinal

The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

longitudinal fissure

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using

negative reinforcement

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.

neurotransmitter

in classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___________

neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior

Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in

workplaces

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

The Optical Lobe is located at the ________ of the Brain

back

________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.

beta-endorphin

The Pancreas is responsible for controlling ______________

blood sugar levels

A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that

can be tested by gathering evidence

Our nervous system is divided into 2 parts. The ________ Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System

central

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.

central and peripheral nervous systems

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.

correlational

The Right Hemishpere of the Brain is responsible for

creativity

A form of reasoning characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments defines

critical thinking

A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT:

developing standardized intelligence tests

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record electrial activity/brainwaves

electroencephalography (EEG)

Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.

endocrine hormone

The Thyroid Gland is responsible for controlling ______________

metabolism

archival research

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

In __________, researchers study behavior where it actually happens, or "in the field."

naturalistic observations

The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary

**List 4 of the 5 major Glands of the Endocrine System

pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, testes

What is Abraham Maslow best known for?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Freud's technique of psychotherapy is called

psychoanalysis

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes

psychology

Describe the 4 parts of the scientific method and how it is used in both inductive and deductive research.

the four parts in the research are hypothesis, theory, test and question. the way inductive and deductive work, is they are opposites. for example, inductive starts with a question working towards the hypothesis, however, deductive starts with the hypothesis and works toward the question.

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light