Psychology Tri 1 Exam
According to cognitive psychologists, what factors influence people's behavior?
- family/friends - living situation - job environment
**Name the four reinforcement schedules. Give Examples for each.
1. Variable interval- checking email 2. Fixed interval- studying for a weekly quiz 3. Variable ratio-playing the lottery 4. Fixed ratio- getting one free meal after the purchase of ten
**List and Describe the 4 steps of the Modeling Process.
Attention - ability to pay attention Retention - ability to remember what was learned Reproduction - Ability to preform behavior Motivation - The want to copy the behavior
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
B. F. Skinner made major contributions to
Behaviorism
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
Broca's area
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.
Chromosomes and DNA
Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying
Human thinking and memory
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
Humanism
John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of
Measurable behavior
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
**Provide real world examples that communicate the difference between Positive & Negative Reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement would be if a student completes all their homework then they get extra credit on the Test. Negative reinforcement would be if a student completes their homework then the teacher takes away the Test
**Explain what Primary & Secondary Reinforcers are. Give examples.
Primary reinforcers are food, water, shelter, sex Secondary reinforcers are money to obtain primary reinforcers
Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called
Structuralism
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.
Temperature, touch, and pain
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective.
**Explain what reuptake inhibitors are designed to do and Why?
The reuptake inhibitors are designed to slow down or recycle to stop from an overdose
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism was established by
William James
survey
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
The ________ gland secretes epinephrine.
adrenal
Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?
amygdala
Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
androgens
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
classical conditioning
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
A negative correlation means ________.
one variable decreases as the other increases
Which is not part of the Limbic System
reticular formation
________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.
rodents
Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?
salary and years of education age and incidence of illness studying and gpa
A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.
sample
The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.
sociocultural
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
somatic
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
spinal cord
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
stimulus discrimination
The Adrenal Gland is responsible for controlling ______________
stress
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
sympathetic
________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
validity
A ________ scan is used to determine whether someone has a tumor, or significant brain atrophy
computerized tomography (CT) scan
Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?
dopamine and serotonin
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
forensic
**List the 4 Lobes of the Brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
**Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype?
genotype is the actual gene and the phenotype is the physical manifestation of the traits.
The two major hormones secreted from the pancreas are:
glucagon and insulin
A __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related to heart disease, cancer and diabetes
health
Peer reviewers ________.
help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings
The Brain is divided into ForeBrain, MidBrain, and _________
hindbrain
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
hormones
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
hypothalamus
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.
illusory correlation
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.
independent
In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.
independent variable
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
An advantage of survey research is that
it allows you to have a large sample size
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
latent learning
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus
________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.
longitudinal
The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.
longitudinal fissure
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using
negative reinforcement
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.
neurotransmitter
in classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ___________
neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
observational
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in
workplaces
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
The Optical Lobe is located at the ________ of the Brain
back
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.
beta-endorphin
The Pancreas is responsible for controlling ______________
blood sugar levels
A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that
can be tested by gathering evidence
Our nervous system is divided into 2 parts. The ________ Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System
central
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
central and peripheral nervous systems
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.
correlational
The Right Hemishpere of the Brain is responsible for
creativity
A form of reasoning characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments defines
critical thinking
A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT:
developing standardized intelligence tests
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
developmental psychology
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record electrial activity/brainwaves
electroencephalography (EEG)
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
endocrine hormone
The Thyroid Gland is responsible for controlling ______________
metabolism
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
midbrain
In __________, researchers study behavior where it actually happens, or "in the field."
naturalistic observations
The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
pituitary
**List 4 of the 5 major Glands of the Endocrine System
pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal, testes
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
Freud's technique of psychotherapy is called
psychoanalysis
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes
psychology
Describe the 4 parts of the scientific method and how it is used in both inductive and deductive research.
the four parts in the research are hypothesis, theory, test and question. the way inductive and deductive work, is they are opposites. for example, inductive starts with a question working towards the hypothesis, however, deductive starts with the hypothesis and works toward the question.
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
