Psychology

Timothy went deaf due to prolonged exposure to gunfire in a war. His auditory nerve is intact, so a ____________could be used to treat his damaged hearing. Cochlear implant Hearing aid

cochlear implant

Sensory coding

codes used by the sense organs to transmit information to the brain

Converting physical stimuli into distinct sensations is the process known as _________.

coding

The mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge are collectively known as _________. awareness perception cognition consciousness

cognition

A(n) _____ is a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus due to repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus. neutral reaction operant response conditioned response secondary response

conditioned response

A previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response is now called a(n) secondary reinforcer. conditioned stimulus. classical stimulus. primary reinforcer.

conditioned stimulus.

visual cliff experiment

created by E.J. Gibson, investigated the ability of newborn animals and human infants to detect depth

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

One of the clearest findings in psychology is that practice is a much more efficient way to study and learn than practice. spaced (distributed); massed active; passive applied; basic none of these options

spaced (distributed); massed

Place theory of hearing

sounds of different frequencies set off waves in the cochlea that peak at different locations along the tube that makes up the cochlea

SQ4R

survey, question, read, recite, review, write

Scientific Method

Question, Literature review Hypothesis Research Design Data collection + Analysis Publication Theory Development

The sense of smell, or olfaction, is located in which part of the brain?

parietal lobe

PTSD

A long-lasting trauma- and stressor-related disorder that overwhelms an individual's ability to cope

Association Areas

"Quiet" areas in the cerebral cortex involved in interpreting, integrating, and acting on information processed by other parts of the brain

When learning a new concept, children are most likely to learn the ________ level first. higher-order simple lower-order basic

- higher-order = animal - basic = bird - Lower-order = robin

Arvin is four years old and frequently wets the bed. This is most likely to occur during which stage of sleep? hypnagogic state stage 2 stage 3 REM

3

How many sleep cycles in 8 hours?

4-5

Sadie walks into the library on a bright sunny day, and she can't see anything for a moment. What is happening inside her eye? A Her rods are temporarily nonfunctional. B Her retina is temporarily nonfunctional. C Her fovea is temporarily nonfunctional. D Her cones are temporarily nonfunctional.

A Her rods are temporarily nonfunctional.

The feelings of timelessness and mild euphoria that occur during meditation are caused by which bodily change? A The brain's narrow focus of attention. B The high number of brain cells used. C The rapid decrease in body temperature. D The increase in self-awareness.

A The brain's narrow focus of attention.

Which concept explains the reason potty training a toddler may not work? A biological preparedness B smell aversion C mirror neurons D instinctive drift

A biological preparedness

Episodic memory is to experiences as semantic memory is to A facts. B distortions. C emotions. D cognitions.

A facts.

According to research when children are given ________, they have been found to show improvements in brain development. A individual attention B educational toys C books so they may get a head start on reading. D a safe environment

A individual attention

Yuna applied for a higher level job at her company. She was hired despite her employer's reservations about her ability to perform certain tasks. Upon receiving the promotion, Yuna demonstrated she had excellent command of all the skills necessary for the new position. This is an example of A latent learning. B observational learning. C classical learning. D operant learning.

A latent learning.

Potty training that includes praise for every successful attempt to use the potty, but ignores every accident the child has, is an example of A shaping. B learned behavior. C chaining. D classical conditioning.

A shaping.

At low doses, alcohol has a ________ effect. A stimulating B hallucinatory C downer D depressing

A stimulating

Nicotine and ________ affect the same areas of the brain. A : cocaine B : alcohol C : marijuana D : LSD

A : cocaine

Hyperopia

A condition in which visual images come to a focus behind the retina of the eye and vision is better for distant than for near objects -- called also farsightedness.

Technostress

A feeling of anxiety or mental pressure from overexposure or involvement with technology; stress caused by an inability to cope with modern technology

Substance p

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.

What happens when a person hears a sudden loud noise? A A resting potential neuron depolarizes the soma in the next axon. B A resting potential axon is stimulated and produces an action potential. C A resting potential axon depolarizes the soma in the next neuron. D A resting potential neuron is stimulated and produces an action potential.

A resting potential axon is stimulated and produces an action potential.

How does the focus of the absolute threshold concept differ from that of the difference threshold concept?

Absolute threshold focuses on minimum stimulation levels while difference threshold focuses on changes in stimulus intensity.

Fred is trying to learn Spanish by listening to instructional audiotapes during his sleep. What results do you expect? Fred's level of retention will be very high. Although some learning can occur during light sleep, Fred's level of retention will be minimal. Fred can expect to learn absolutely nothing as the brain cannot interpret sound during sleep. Fred will learn a moderate amount, but only during REM sleep.

Although some learning can occur during light sleep, Fred's level of retention will be minimal.

Norepinephrine(NE) [or noradrenaline(NA)]

Attention, arousal learning, memory,dreaming, emotion, stress; low levels of NE associated with depression; high levels of NE linked with agitated, manic states

Marc experiences a sudden but short-lived blindness due to his rods being temporarily nonfunctional. What has MOST likely happened to Marc? A He was hit on the side of the head and knocked temporarily unconscious. B He was outside in the sunlight and walked inside. C He was hit on the head and his contact lenses fell out suddenly. D He was inside and then walked out into the sunlight.

B He was outside in the sunlight and walked inside.

After Ty brings home another unsatisfactory report card on Friday afternoon, Ty's mother threatens to punish him by forbidding him to see a much-anticipated movie premiere with his friends the following Tuesday evening. Why isn't Ty's consequence likely to be effective? A It involved an unimportant consequence. B It did not occur immediately after the behavior. C It was a passive aggressive technique. D It was not used in conjunction with reinforcement.

B It did not occur immediately after the behavior. In order for the punishment to be effective, it must be immediate. Because Ty's mother is waiting several days to implement the consequence, it is unlikely he will change his behavior.

Jayce is at a family reunion when his family starts a discussion about an event that occurred three years ago. Jayce begins telling the story, a story he has told dozens of times, but his timeline is muddled. He starts with the end of the story, confuses the events in the middle, and then discusses the beginning of the story. What is the BEST explanation for Jayce's confusion? A Jayce damaged his thalamus, hippocampus, and the surrounding areas of his brain, and thus is experiencing consolidation. B Jayce suffered damage to his hippocampus and the surrounding areas; as a result he is having difficulty recalling the correct order of events. C Jayce damaged his hippocampus and the surrounding areas, and developed retrograde amnesia as a result. D Jayce suffered damage to his thalamus and the surrounding areas, and can no longer recall the correct sequence of events.

B Jayce suffered damage to his hippocampus and the surrounding areas; as a result he is having difficulty recalling the correct order of events.

Which of these statements is true for higher-order conditioning and untrue for classical conditioning? A Learning is a result of watching another person. B Learning is based on a previous learning situation. C Learning is based on the type of reinforcement. D Learning is based on a new behavioral response.

B Learning is based on a previous learning situation. A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus during the process of classical conditioning. This conditioned stimulus can then be used in a new training situation, which is the process of higher-order conditioning. The answer "learning is based on previous learning" applies for higher-order conditioning but not for classical conditioning.

Lennie goes to a concert with some friends. He is hoping all night that the band will play his favorite song, and he is disappointed when they don't. On the way home his friends play his favorite song on repeat in the car. A few weeks later, Lennie tells his friends how great it was to see his favorite song performed live. What is the BEST explanation for this error? A Lennie has experienced retroactive interference because he is only remembering the car ride and not the concert. B Lennie has experienced misinformation effect because he had been imagining and hoping for the song to play all night. C Lennie has experienced retroactive interference because he had been hoping for the song to play so much he created the memory. D Lennie has experienced misinformation effect because he is failing to retrieve the memory from his long-term memory.

B Lennie has experienced misinformation effect because he had been imagining and hoping for the song to play all night.

Sari has entered a memory competition. Two of the challenges require her to memorize long sequences of information in a short period of time. Sari will then have to accurately repeat this information to the judges. What would be the best way for Sari to practice for her competition? A Sari should practice chunking random groups of numbers as a method of storing information in her long-term memory. B Sari should practice chunking random sets of data as a method of storing information in her short-term memory. C Sari should practice maintenance rehearsal at home so that she can use it during the competition to store information in her long-term memory. D Sari should practice maintenance rehearsal at home so that she can use it during the competition to store information in her short-term memory.

B Sari should practice chunking random sets of data as a method of storing information in her short-term memory.

Mike is talking to his siblings about an experience from his early childhood. He remembers being two-years-old, wearing his mother's high heels, and carrying her purse. Mike's siblings say he could not possibly remember that. Are his siblings correct? A They are most likely correct since the memory is far too detailed for that age. He would probably only remember small details. B They are most likely correct. Mike's brain would not have been developed enough to encode memories at two years old. C They are most likely incorrect. Mike probably remembers it as a very detailed episodic memory because the event was important to him. D They are most likely incorrect. Mike likely remembers it as a procedural memory because it has stayed with him for so much of his life.

B They are most likely correct. Mike's brain would not have been developed enough to encode memories at two years old.

What is the difference between vestibular sense and kinesthesis? A Vestibular sense detects the movement of bodily posture while kinesthesis detects bodily orientation. B Vestibular sense detects body movement and position with respect to gravity while kinesthesis detects the movement of body parts relative to each other. C Vestibular sense detects body position while kinesthesis detects body movement. D Vestibular sense detects the movement of body parts relative to each other while kinesthesis detects position of the body with respect to gravity.

B Vestibular sense detects body movement and position with respect to gravity while kinesthesis detects the movement of body parts relative to each other.

Most behaviors result from A punishment received during operant conditioning. B a combination of operant and classical conditioning. C neutral stimuli of classical conditioning. D fixed interval and fixed ratio reinforcements.

B a combination of operant and classical conditioning.

Organizing new material in the long-term memory is the equivalent of A maintenance rehearsal in STM. B chunking in STM. C the acronym method. D encoding specificity.

B chunking in STM.

What are important characteristics of the psychodynamic perspective? Select all that apply. A emphasis on the blocks of mental life that create a whole experience B emphasis on internal motives and past experiences C emphasis on unconscious dynamics D emphasis on objective, observable influences E emphasis on how we adapt and self-monitor

B emphasis on internal motives and past experiences C emphasis on unconscious dynamics

Individuals in abusive relationships often believe nothing can be done to stop the abuse because they have tried unsuccessfully to stop it previously. By remaining in the relationship, the individuals are experiencing A phobias. B learned helplessness. C negative reinforcers. D negative reinforcement.

B learned helplessness.

Lisa is recovering from a routine brain surgery. She is experiencing a number of side effects, including nausea, headache, and retrograde amnesia, caused by mild swelling. Should Lisa be greatly concerned by these issues? A Yes, because her memory loss could be caused by damage to the amygdala and cause permanent emotional distress. B No, because her memory loss should be temporary, and as the swelling subsides her memory should resurface. C No, although her memory loss may cause difficulties in her interpersonal connections and delay her recovery. D Yes, because her memory loss may be permanent, although the swelling, nausea, and headache should subside.

B Damage to any area of the brain can result in difficulties with the encoding, storage, and retrieval of all memories; however retrograde amnesia is usually temporary.

What is a primary criticism of Freud's wish-fulfillment view of dreams? A : It focuses too much on sexual intercourse. B : It is too subjective. C : It doesn't consider unconscious desires. D : It neglects the underlying meaning of dreams.

B : It is too subjective.

The views biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces as interrelated influences, and it is one of the most widely accepted themes of modern psychology. eclectic perspective nature-nurture model interactionist position biopsychosocial model

Biopsychosocial model

Which situation is the best example of classical conditioning? A A teacher hires a fireman as a classroom helper to speed learning during fire safety week. B A doctor gives a lollipop at the end of a visit to reward good behavior. C A mother gives medicine from a spoon held by a puppet to make receiving medicine fun. D A dog trainer shows a new dog owner how to train a puppy by demonstrating.

C A mother gives medicine from a spoon held by a puppet to make receiving medicine fun.

Which scenario represents the best example of latent learning? A A senior citizen who learns to drive a car. B A child who is not potty trained until the age of five. C A regular rider on a city bus gives directions only when it is apparent that the new bus driver is unfamiliar with the route. D A student who does not learn to read until high school.

C A regular rider on a city bus gives directions only when it is apparent that the new bus driver is unfamiliar with the route.

Which of the following statements best depicts the biological aspect of memory? A Memory is the long-term potentiation of synaptic connections within the brain. B Memories can be stored as either long-term or short-term and are stored in the cerebellum. C Memory is a result of neuronal, synaptic and/or hormonal changes within the brain. D Memories are inaccurate reflections of major life events called flashbulb memories that are stored in the brain.

C Memory is a result of neuronal, synaptic and/or hormonal changes within the brain.

Lia is a member of the U.S. Water Ski Team who is determined to teach her pet monkey Ava how to water ski. Which of the following methods should Lia use to teach Ava this skill? A Show Ava videos of humans waterskiing, place her on the skis, and then praise Ava each time she models the appropriate behavior. B Model the process, reward Ava with food for sitting still, and then place her on the skis. C Reinforce Ava with food for sitting on the ski, and then reinforce her each time she accomplishes a successive step in the learning process. D Place Ava on the skis, give her adequate time to feel comfortable, and then offer her large amounts of food.

C Reinforce Ava with food for sitting on the ski, and then reinforce her each time she accomplishes a successive step in the learning process. Lia is attempting to teach Ava a complex, unnatural ability that can be best learned through shaping techniques.

Which of the following would negatively impact the process of coding an olfactory sensory stimulus? A repeated exposure to the same olfactory stimulus B inability of olfactory stimulus information to pass the gatekeeper C an injury to the temporal lobe

C an injury to the temporal lobe

Which of the following addictive disorders was added to the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)? A sex addiction B drug abuse C gambling disorder D facebook obsession

C gambling disorder

One week after Monica received her dentures, she had a toothache even though the tooth was no longer there. What is the best way for Monica to relieve the pain? A tap on the dentures B take a pain pill C listen to a familiar song

C listen to a familiar song

If you received a cochlear implant, then you have A presbyopia. B conduction hearing loss. C sensorineural hearing loss.

C sensorineural hearing loss.

Which two processes serve to prevent the brain from overloading with unimportant, repetitive information? A coding and transduction B sensory reduction and transduction C sensory reduction and sensory adaption D transduction and sensory adaptation

C sensory reduction and sensory adaption

Bright, bluish colors are associated with A small range and high amplitude. B long wavelengths and small range. C short wavelengths and high amplitude. D low amplitude and long wavelength.

C short wavelengths and high amplitude.

Sensory is to perception as ___________ is to coding. A perception B adaptation C transduction

C transduction

According to growth/development theory, why do we require less sleep as we age? A : because our bodies are no longer overloaded with stimuli B : because we are less socially active C : because our brain releases fewer growth hormones D : because we do not have as much to remember

C : because our brain releases fewer growth hormones

Midbrain

Collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain responsible for coordinating movement patterns, sleep, and arousal

Annalisa is driving along Lake Shore Drive in Chicago. After six green lights in a row, she blows through a red light, even though she was looking at it. Which of the following explains her error? A Annalisa accommodated the red light due to motion parallax. B Annalisa's perceptual constancies wavered. C Annalisa experienced conversion. D Annalisa's perceptual set affected her interpretation of the red light.

D Annalisa's perceptual set affected her interpretation of the red light.

How are visual and auditory stimuli similar to one another? A Both types of stimuli are dependent upon one another for accurate perception. B Both types of stimuli have higher absolute thresholds than other types of stimuli. C Both types of stimuli rely on a shared set of receptors. D Both types of stimuli are forms of energy that travel in waves.

D Both types of stimuli are forms of energy that travel in waves.

When you get older, you will most likely lose your ability to hear which kinds of sounds? A complex B loud C high-pitched D low-pitched

D low-pitched

A good way for an artist to portray realism would be to use A retinal disparity. B binocular depth cues. C accommodation. D monocular depth cues.

D monocular depth cues.

What is the best way to decrease a bad behavior? A Continuous reinforcement for good behavior. B Continuous reinforcement for the absence of the bad behavior. C Intermittent reinforcement for good behavior. D Intermittent reinforcement for the absence of the bad behavior.

D Intermittent reinforcement for the absence of the bad behavior.

A bombing in New York City is described on the news as a terrorist attack. After the report, the police received several calls from people in the area who believe they saw a man who looked to be of Middle Eastern origin carrying a suspicious-looking backpack. Later, these reports are proven false. How would you explain the numerous false reports? A The witnesses have repressed their memories of the actual event. B The news report of the event was biased and caused the false memories. C The witnesses reporting false memories were merely trying to get publicity. D Preexisting attitudes of the witnesses have influenced them to have false memories.

D Preexisting attitudes of the witnesses have influenced them to have false memories.

Which of these strategies would best help condition you to remember which day of the week you need to put out the trash when the pickup service has changed from Monday to Thursday? A Write a note to yourself to take out the trash on Thursday. B Just put the trash out on Monday as normal and wait for the dump truck. C Place the trash by the front door on Wednesday evening before you go to bed. D Repeat the word Thursday every time you throw something away.

D Repeat the word Thursday every time you throw something away. Although all four methods could work, pairing the word Thursday (neutral stimulus) with throwing something away (conditioned stimulus) will help you put the trash out on the correct day (conditioned response) more often.

Sawyer and his friends are hiking remote trails, and failed to pack enough food. To keep up their stamina, they start looking for edible berries. While employing all senses to aid in their search, which sense is most valuable in helping them determine which berries are safe to eat? A Research suggests that olfaction is more valuable than vestibular sense. B Research suggests that gustation is more valuable than olfaction. C Research suggests that gustation is more valuable than kinesthesis. D Research suggests that olfaction is more valuable than gustation.

D Research suggests that olfaction is more valuable than gustation.

Sandy has been having difficulties with her memory recently. She has trouble recalling facts and figures that she recently learned. Tina has been experiencing mood swings over the past few months, has been having difficulty sleeping, and has had a decreased appetite. What is implied about Sandy and Tina? A Both Sandy and Tina have been experiencing difficulties with their dopamine levels. B Both Sandy and Tina have been experiencing difficulties with their serotonin levels. C Sandy is likely having difficulties with her serotonin levels, while Tina has been having difficulties with her dopamine levels. D Sandy is likely having difficulties with her dopamine levels, while Tina has been having difficulties with her serotonin levels.

D Sandy is likely having difficulties with her dopamine levels, while Tina has been having difficulties with her serotonin levels.

Sara is being treated for a small brain tumor. Her doctors have recommended an experimental surgery that will remove part of her cerebellum. If you were Sara's doctor, what memory-based side effects would you warn her about? A The removal of a piece of her cerebellum could result in a decrease in the fight-or-flight reaction, as she will no longer actively recognize certain dangers. B The removal of a piece of her cerebellum could result in problems remembering how to perform certain tasks, such as tying her shoes or riding a bike. C The removal of a piece of her cerebellum could result in a lapse in her emotional memory, causing her to have difficulties in her personal relationships. D The removal of a piece of her cerebellum could result in difficulty accessing all of her past memories, as well as classically conditioned responses.

D The removal of a piece of her cerebellum could result in difficulty accessing all of her past memories, as well as classically conditioned responses.

When walking around town, which sight would be an example of linear perspective? A You observe that closer objects obscure objects that are farther away. B You notice that objects in the distance appear to be smaller than similar objects up close. C You notice that closer objects appear to move faster than farther objects. D You notice that the train tracks you pass seem to converge in the distance.

D You notice that the train tracks you pass seem to converge in the distance.

Semantic memory stores facts, whereas episodic memory stores A skills. B moods. C emotions. D events.

D events.

Using training wheels on a bicycle to teach a young child how to ride a two-wheeler is an example of using A secondary reinforcers. B positive reinforcement. C operant conditioning. D primary reinforcers.

D primary reinforcers.

What is the most effective strategy to consolidate long-term potentiation pathways? A categorizing B memorization C sequencing D repetition

D repetition

Joyce wanted to learn how to make pie crust, so she watched her mother-in-law (a prize-winning pie baker) and carefully noted how she handled the ingredients and rolled the pie crust. Joyce's behavior in this instance is likely to affect which of Bandura's key factors in observational learning? A reinforcement B modeling C reproduction D retention

D retention

Ian is a seven-years-old boy who occasionally screams in the middle of the night. During these episodes, Ian talks incoherently and will not wake up. Which sleep disorder is Ian likely experiencing? A : nightmare B : narcoleptic episode C : sleep stressor D : sleep terror

D : sleep terror

Teddy walks into the school after recess on a bright, sunny day and finds that he cannot see anything for about thirty seconds. He runs, blinded, to the school nurse. Teddy is experiencing

Dark adaptation

Reticular Formation

Diffuse set of neurons that helps screen incoming information and controls arousal

Epinephrine (or adrenaline) (amphetamine, coke, X)

Emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release

How can a researcher help ensure that his or her results are scientifically meaningful? A Randomly assign participants to the control group only. B Make sure there is a dependent variable and an independent variable. C Ensure that he or she uses an experimental research design. D Choose an interesting and testable hypothesis.

Ensure that he or she uses an experimental research design.

The psychoanalytic perspective was originally developed by _____. Freud Skinner Watson Williams

Freud

Problem-Focused Coping 2

Freud's description: strategy of ego to distort reality and increase self deception

Wilhelm Wundt

He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection.

Pons

Hindbrain structure involved in respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming

Cerebellum

Hindbrain structure responsible for coordinating fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition

Medulla

Hindbrain structure responsible for vital, automatic functions, such as respiration and heartbeat

Which statement resembles the relationship between a neuron and a glial cell? A If the neuron were a tree, the glial cells would be the fruit. B If the neuron were a tree, the glial cells would be the roots. C If the neuron were a tree, the glial cells would be the leaves. D If the neuron were a tree, the glial cells would be the seeds.

If the neuron were a tree, the glial cells would be the roots.

A researcher studying the brain using lesioning techniques might do what? A Connect electrodes to the scalp and other sites on the head of a young chimpanzee B Dissect the brain of a person who had experienced strange behaviors in their lifetime to see exactly what areas of the person's brain had been damaged C Intentionally damage part of the brain in a mouse to determine if the brain region was relevant for some part of the mouse's behavior D Slide a primate into a large magnet to picture blood flow within the brain

Intentionally damage part of the brain in a mouse to determine if the brain region was relevant for some part of the mouse's behavior

Limbic System: Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amydgala, Thalamus

Interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives, and memory, as well as major physiological functions

Why did structuralism fail as a working psychological learning approach? A It emphasized self-control over innate biological needs. B It focused on unconscious and subjective urges. C It failed as a method to study complex mental disorders in humans or animals. D It neglected the scientific method in its approach to human behavior.

It failed as a method to study complex mental disorders in humans or animals.

Why is the case of Phineas Gage relevant to psychology? A It illustrates how facts can be distorted to fit existing theories and beliefs. B It illustrates the relationship between brain function and criminal behavior. C It illustrates the importance of social and interpersonal skills throughout history. D It illustrates the permanent nature of traumatic brain injury.

It illustrates how facts can be distorted to fit existing theories and beliefs.

Why is a magician, James Randi, significant to the field of psychology? A James Randi helped was dedicated to educating the public about the need for cognitive psychology. B James Randi helped create the specialty known as positive psychology. C James Randi made significant contributions to our understanding of the scientific method. D James Randi dedicated his life to educating the public about fraudulent pseudopsychologists.

James Randi dedicated his life to educating the public about fraudulent pseudopsychologists.

Lonnie has accidentally hit his arm against the counter. He begins rubbing the area and the pain quickly dissipates. Rebe is getting out of the car when her son accidentally shuts the door on her finger. The pain is so intense she wonders if it is broken. According to the gate-control theory of pain, what is implied about these two situations? A Large fiber messages are primarily involved with Rebe's situation, while small fiber messages are involved with Lonnie's. B Large fiber messages are primarily involved at the end of both Lonnie and Rebe's situations. C Large fiber messages are primarily involved with Lonnie's situation, while small fiber messages are involved with Rebe's. D Small fiber messages are primarily involved at the end of both Lonnie and Rebe's messages.

Large fiber messages are primarily involved with Lonnie's situation, while small fiber messages are involved with Rebe's.

GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid) (alcohol, ghb, ruphy, valium)

Learning, anxiety regulation; key role in neural inhibition in the central nervous system; tranquilizing drugs, like Valium, increase GABA's inhibitory effects and thereby decrease anxiety

Glutamate

Learning, movement, memory; key role in neural excitation in the central nervous system; factor in migraines, anxiety, depression

Ulcers

May be related to a bacterium called H. pylori, and stress may exacerbate ulcers rather than cause them

What is the key difference between monocular cues and binocular cues?

Monocular cues are more effective at judging longer distances than binocular cues.

Endorphins (opiates)

Mood, pain, memory, learning, blood pressure, appetite, sexual activity

Serotonin

Mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, arousal, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity; low levels of serotonin associated with depression

Dopamine (DA) (cocaine, meth, marijuana,

Movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion; excess DA associated with schizophrenia; too little DA linked with Parkinson's disease; key role in addiction and the reward system

Evaluate the following descriptions of the difference between hormones and neural transmitters and decide which is the most accurate. A Neural transmitters transmit messages chemically, while hormones transmit messages electrically. B Neural transmitters send messages to specific receptors, while hormones affect all the body. C Hormones affect all the body, while neural transmitters transmit messages only within the neuron. D Hormones affect only teenagers and adults, while neural transmitters affect people of all ages.

Neural transmitters send messages to specific receptors, while hormones affect all the body.

is particularly important if you suffer from test anxiety. Overlearning Hyper-soma control Active studying Passive listening

Overlearning

Parietal Lobes

Parietal lobesTwo lobes at the top of the brain where bodily sensations are received and interpreted (somatosensory cortex)

How do people from individualistic cultures differ from those in collectivist cultures when defining sincerity? A People in individualistic cultures define sincerity based on duties and conformance to role expectations; People in collectivist cultures define sincerity based on allegiance to societal norms. B People from individualistic cultures define sincerity in accordance with their inner feelings; People from collectivist cultures base their definition on conforming to role expectations. C People in individualistic cultures define sincerity based on occupational goals; People in collectivist cultures define sincerity based on their rank in their social unit. D People from individualistic cultures define sincerity based on their own personal values; People in collectivist cultures define sincerity based on inner feelings.

People from individualistic cultures define sincerity in accordance with their inner feelings; People from collectivist cultures base their definition on conforming to role expectations.

Eustress

Pleasant, desirable stress that arouses us to persevere and accomplish challenging goals

Long Term Stress Effects on Brain

Prolonged stress can permanently damage the hippocampus, a key part of the brain involved in memory. Once damaged, it cannot provide proper feedback to the hypothalamus, so cortisol continues to be secreted and a vicious cycle can develop

What significant event in psychology happened in 1879? A Psychology became a science with the creation of the first laboratory. B Margaret Washburn became the first female president of the APA. C Psychoanalysis was proposed in Vienna, Austria. D Mary Calkins was granted her Ph.D. in psychology at Harvard University.

Psychology became a science with the creation of the first laboratory.

Sensory Coding

Reception, transduction, coding, awareness

Which of the following is an example of a mental process? Remembering Speaking Reading Crying

Remembering

What will happen if Eve sees a low-frequency color and then a high-frequency color? A She will see a bluish color and then a reddish color. B She will see a yellowish color and then a greenish color. C She will see a grayish color and then a greenish color. D She will see a reddish color and then a bluish color.

She will see a reddish color and then a bluish color.

Why do babies in orphanages sometimes experience long-term problems in cognitive functioning? A Cold temperatures in orphanages result in an underdeveloped cerebral cortex. B Social isolation prevents cells from producing sufficient myelin around the axon of some neurons, which causes a slow rate of neural impulses. C The babies' bare axons jump from node to node, rather than traveling along the entire axon. D Lack of breastfeeding and reliance on formula prevalent in orphanages slow down neural impulses.

Social isolation prevents cells from producing sufficient myelin around the axon of some neurons, which causes a slow rate of neural impulses.

Research using an apparatus called the visual cliff has demonstrated what?

Some depth perception is inborn. Baby animals perceive differences in depth.

Chronic Pain: Stress

Stress can enhance chronic pain, and stress-reduction can be very beneficial

STRESS DOES CONTRIBUTE TO HEART DISEASE.

Stress does suppresses immune system.

Subliminal Perception

Subliminal perception does occur, but it does not lead to subliminal persuasion. This means customers would perceive the commercial, but may not be persuaded to visit the store.

Brett and Autumn see one another each morning at the preschool, where they drop off their sons around 8:00. Today, Autumn meets a friend for lunch and sees Brett at a nearby table. When she catches his eye, she waves hello, but he does not respond with a wave and instead looks away. Based on this behavior, which parts of Brett's brain might be functioning poorly?

Temporal and occipital lobes temporal lobe is largely responsible for creating and preserving both conscious and long-term memory

Benny is walking past a local airport at a distance of 500 yards. She just read in a textbook that jet engines are so loud that they can instantly damage hearing. However, the planes she can see in the distance are relatively quiet from where she's standing. What might you offer as an explanation for Benny's perception?

The amplitude of the sound waves produced by the engines becomes smaller with distance.

Kelly is learning about the parts of the eye in one of her college classes. The professor explains how images are flipped when they are processed through the retina. Kelly is confused and asks how the image ends up correctly positioned again. What is her professor most likely to say?

The brain inverts the image again.

If you walk out of a dark room into bright light, why do you feel like you have been temporarily blinded?

The bright light bleaches the rods in the back of your eye temporarily.

Alex is preparing a class presentation on the way sensory systems interact in the brain and how our brains process sensory information. What is the MOST important observation he should note? A Information from olfactory nerves is processed in the olfactory cortex. B The olfaction sensory system is not routed through the thalamus like the other sensory systems. C Information from the gustatory nerves is processed in the gustatory cortex. D The gustation sensory system is not routed through the thalamus like other sensory systems.

The olfaction sensory system is not routed through the thalamus like the other sensory systems.

Mallory seeks advice from her pediatrician because her 18-month-old son, Javier, is falling more often than his peers. The pediatrician suggests using a visual cliff test to assess Javier. Which statement explains the pediatrician's reasoning? A The pediatrician wants to test Javier's monocular vision. B The pediatrician is examining convergence in Javier's vision. C The pediatrician wants to test Javier's depth perception. The pediatrician wants to test Javier's figure-ground perception.

The pediatrician wants to test Javier's depth perception.

Correlational research

The relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated"

Problem-Focused Coping

The strategies we use to deal directly with a stressor to eventually decrease or eliminate it

Emotion-Focused Coping

The strategies we use to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressful situation

Which of the following best describes what happens if a master classical guitarist plucks the low E string of her guitar? A The string heats the air around it, sending out sound waves. B The string vibrates faster than the higher-pitched strings. C The string creates a wave pattern of compressed and expanded air. D The string cools the air around it, compressing the molecules.

The string creates a wave pattern of compressed and expanded air.

What is TRUE about executive functions? A They are irrelevant to most of our daily activities, but regulate our mood. B They allow us to engage in flexible and controlled thinking. C They are involved in sending signals to the brain to signal that you have eaten enough food. D They are involved in controlling basic life functions such as breathing and digestion.

They allow us to engage in flexible and controlled thinking.

What do the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives have in common? A They both focus on unconscious mental processes. B They both advocate for free will. C They both have their own form of psychotherapy. D They both emphasize the growth of humans.

They both have their own form of psychotherapy.

What is the relationship of the neurotransmitter substance P to endorphins?

They work in opposition to each other: substance P opens the pain gate and endorphins close it.

Which of the following is an example of the use of classical conditioning in everyday life? Teaching people how to solve a problem but making them wait to try the new skill until a later time. Spanking a child for using foul language in the home. Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed. Giving people a free gift when they purchase make-up in a department store.

Treating alcoholism with a drug that causes nausea when alcohol is consumed.

Kangaroo care

Treatment for preterm infants that involves skin-to-skin contact. Increases sleep and immunity

Occipital Lobe

Two lobes at the back of the brain responsible for vision (visual cortex)and visual perception

Frontal Lobes

Two lobes at the front of the brain governing motor control (motor cortex), speech production in left lobe (Broca's area), and higher functions, such as thinking, personality, emotion, and memory

Temporal Lobes

Two lobes on each side of the brain above the ears involved in audition (auditory cortex), language comprehension in the left lobe (Wernicke's area), memory, and some emotional control

If you were assigned a term paper examining the life of the "father of psychology," which name should you begin researching? Wilhelm Wundt Charles Darwin Edward Titchener Sigmund Freud

Wilhelm Wundt

Functionalism studied how the mind enables humans and animals to adapt to their environment. Who was the leading force behind this movement? A Wilhelm Wundt B John B. Watson C William James D Edward Titchener

William James

Mira is a runner. During a race, she sprained her ankle. Mira continued the race and finished in third place. Shortly afterward, she noticed the pain in her ankle and sought first aid. When the medic asked her why she kept running, Mira said, "It hurt for a second, but then it just went away. I figured I hadn't injured it too badly." Mira's situation is an example of:

a "runner's high" created by endorphins.

Retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

A neuron is _____ a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information. the part of a nerve cell that receives information. the part of a nerve cell that sends information. the part of a nerve cell that creates energy.

a cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.

A mental representation of a group or category that shares similar characteristics is called _________. an image a map a concept an idea

a concept

When a researcher observes or measures two or more variables to find relationships between them, without directly manipulating them or implying a causal relationship, he or she is conducting ______. experimental research a correlational study non-causal metrics a meta-analysis

a correlational study

Francesca has the disorder prosopagnosia. What does Francesca see when she looks in the mirror?

a face but cannot recognize its hers

Biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called an unnatural condition. a neutral stimulus. irrelevant.

a neutral stimulus.

Perceptual set

a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

Frankie lost his right pointer finger below the knuckle in a machine accident at work. Every so often while he is working on the machines, he feels an ache in the tip of his right pointer finger. This is an example of

a sensory input disruption causing the brain to generate pain.

Telling your brain to slow down and focusing on details are crucial activities in which positive study habit? A familiarization B distributed practice C practice test taking D active reading

active reading

If researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new memory drug and then gave them a story to read and measured their scores on a quiz, the ______ would be the IV, and the ______ would be the DV. response to the drug; amount of the drug experimental group; control group amount of the drug; quiz scores researcher variables; extraneous variables

amount of the drug; quiz scores

Which of the following would describe the wave pattern for a loud, low-pitched explosion such as a cannon firing? A amplitude would be high and wavelength would be short B amplitude would be high and wavelength would be long C amplitude would be low and wavelength would be short D amplitude would be low and wavelength would be long

amplitude high / wavelength long

A study that analyzes Twitter discussions in order to predict election results is an example of ________ research. A correlational B descriptive C archival D experimental

archival

Rods (eye)

are used to see in dim light

A motor vehicle is called an automobile. Automobiles can include trucks, cars, and motorcycles. Cars might include sedans or coupes. In this hierarchy, a sedan is an example of a(n) ________ concept. higher-order lower-order basic simple

basic

The _________________ perspective adopted the concept of conditioning because of its focus on observable behavior.

behavioral

The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt actions is called the ________ perspective. behavioral psychodynamic functionalist overt

behavioral

Which of the following psychological perspectives is most successful in treating phobias and/or alcoholism? A biological B behavioral C psychodynamic D cognitive

behavioral

Interposition is a(n) ________ cue for depth perception.

binocular

The views biological processes, psychological factors, and social forces as interrelated influences, and it is one of the most widely accepted themes of modern psychology. eclectic perspective nature-nurture model interactionist position biopsychosocial model

biopsychosocial model

Information processing that begins with smaller sensory features and finishes with completed perceptions is called _____ processing.

bottom-up

Short Term Stress Effects on Brain

can prevent the: retrieval of existing memories laying down of new memories general information processing

The learning of a relationship between a new environmental stimulus and a previously reflexive response to a different stimulus is known as operant conditioning. contiguity learning. classical conditioning. latent learning.

classical conditioning.

The work of John Watson with Little Albert demonstrated the likelihood that many, if not most, phobias are initially created as a result of operant conditioning. observational learning. classical conditioning. latent learning.

classical conditioning.

Alma is relating a recent dream that has troubled her to her therapist. The therapist believes that dreams help us to sort out everyday experiences and thoughts and that looking at dreams can provide insight and increase self-understanding. The therapist's ideas about dreaming most closely fit with which view? psychoanalytic view activation-synthesis hypothesis biological view cognitive view

cognitive view

Researchers using the case study approach are most likely to ______. interview many research participants who have a single problem or disorder conduct an in-depth study of a single research participant choose and investigate a single topic use any of these options, which describe different types of case studies

conduct an in-depth study of a single research participant

Memory is a ________ process, which means that it includes the organization and shaping of information by processing, storage, and retrieval of information. mnemonic controlled constructive evolutionary

constructive

Modern-day psychology emphasizes ________, which involves objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information. critical thinking common sense pseudoscience controlling behavior

critical thinking

Cynthia reached for her coffee. Some hot coffee spilled onto Cynthia's hand, and she reacted by nearly dropping the cup. Which part of Cynthia's neurons received the message that the coffee was hot? A cell body B dendrites C terminal buttons D myelin sheath

dendrites

The branching fibers that receive neural impulses from other neurons and convey them toward the cell body are called _____. dendrites nerves myelin sheaths axon buttons

dendrites

The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____. somas; axon dendrites; axon dendrites; soma axons; dendrite

dendrites; axon

The goal of ______ is to tell what occurred, whereas the goal of ______ is to tell when. health psychologists; biological psychologists description; prediction psychologists; psychiatrists pseudopsychologists; clinical psychologists

description; prediction

Sensation is the process of _____ raw sensory data from the internal and external world and transmitting it to the brain. selecting, receiving, and organizing receiving, organizing, and selectively disregarding detecting, converting, and transmitting selecting, organizing, and interpreting

detecting, converting, and transmitting

Perceptual sets will cause two people to view the same information in a __________

different matter

Research suggests that might be two of the most efficient ways to study and thereby improve your grades. highlighting and rereading personal control and better time management active studying and the SQ4R method distributed practice and practice testing

distributed practice and practice testing

Greg is lifting free weights at the gym. He curls a 25-pound hand weight several times and decides that it is too light. He trades it for a 30-pound hand weight. "That's strange," he says, after curling it a few times. "This 30-pound weight doesn't feel any heavier than the 25-pound weight." Based on this, it is reasonable to conclude that the 30 pound weight

does not meet Greg's difference threshold.

Kelly has noticed that her attention does not hold when she is trying to read a book for class. She can read for 15 to 20 minutes, but then she loses focus and wants to start working on something else instead. Which of the following neurotransmitters could be involved in this? A serotonin B acetylcholine C endorphins D dopamine

dopamine

When both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental or control group, the research design can be called ______. reliable double-blind valid deceptive

double-blind

What stage of development would the psychodynamic perspective focus on to explore unconscious dynamics and past experiences? A adolescence B early childhood C older adulthood D emerging adulthood

early childhood

Gestalt Psychology

early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures

The fact that you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when he or she first said it, is explained by ________ memory. working iconic echoic phonosonic

echoic

If you were to start smiling when you are in a bad mood, eventually you might start to feel better and think "happy thoughts." This would demonstrate the concept of _________. the mental set functional fixedness embodied cognition cognitive hierarchies

embodied cognition

The three steps in memory processing are ________. encoding, storage, retrieval encrypting, sensory retention, neural processing translations, maintenance, transmittal dictation, capturing, regurgitation

encoding, storage, retrieval

Transduction is the process of converting _____. neural impulses into mental representations of the world

environmental stimuli into neural impulses

Which of the following are ways that people can improve their elaborative rehearsal skills? expand on the information learning information in the same place every time they review it repeating the information to themselves over and over again cramming information into memory all at once

expand on the information

Structuralism, although short-lived, made an important contribution to the science of psychology because it ________________. established a model for the scientific study of mental processes showed how separate thoughts combined to form an idea explained why individuals experience stimuli differently highlighted why different scientific methods are needed to study children and animals versus studying adult humans

established a model for the scientific study of mental processes

Which of the following is necessary to develop a theory? A evidence-based studies B correlational statistics C archival reviews D identified hunches

evidence-based studies

Which name for a school of thought in psychology does not belong with the others? psychobiology biopsychology behavioral neuroscience evolutionary psychology

evolutionary psychology

A fundamental Gestalt principle involves our tendency to distinguish between?

figure and ground

Sensory reduction refers to the process of _____.

filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending a neural message to the cortex

The psychoanalytic perspective

founded by Sigmund Freud, emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind, which lies outside personal awareness.

The psychological school of thought called _____ emphasized how mental processes help people adapt to their environment. functionalism structuralism gestalt psychology cognitivism

functionalism

After waking up in the middle of the night from a leg cramp, you reach up to pinch your upper lip. This helps to decrease pain from the leg cramp according to A pain alteration theory. B bottom-up processing. C assimilation principles. D gate-control theory.

gate-control

Gymnast Kerri Strug suffered a severe ankle sprain at the 1996 Olympics, but still managed to land a vault that allowed her team to win the gold medal. Which of the following statements might explain how she managed to tolerate the pain in her ankle at that moment? A Kerri's pain fibers weren't large enough to close the pain gate and override other sensory impulses. B Kerri's high motivation interfered with her production of endorphins, so she could not feel the pain. C The noise of the cheering crowd in the arena may have caused anxiety that interfered with Kerri's perception of pain. D Kerri's intense concentration on landing the vault at that moment may have helped to block pain signals by controlling the pain gate.

gate-control theory

The cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other support for neurons are called _____ cells. axon glial nerve dendritic

glial

Angela is walking down the street, and she perceives a lot of electromagnetic waves around 500 nanometers in wavelength. What color does she perceive?

green

A deep growl could be distinguished from other sounds because

hair cells would fire at the same rate as the growl's frequency.

Sally has been having difficulties falling asleep at night. When she finally does get to sleep, she only stays asleep for a few hours and then wakes up again. Then, during the middle of the day, she finds herself to be extremely tired. When she goes to the doctor, which of the following is the doctor most likely to check first? A her adrenal glands B her pineal gland C her pancreas D her ovaries

her pineal gland (circadian rhythm)

You develop ________ that are interrelated in order to better learn the material in this course. artificial concepts hierarchies prototypes natural concepts

hierarchies

basilar membrane of cochlea

high frequencies are heard close to narrow proximal end, and low frequencies by distal end at the right.

Which of the following is NOT one of the recommended study habits? active reading familiarization highlighting note taking

highlighting

A false or misleading perception shared by others in the same perceptual environment is called a(n)

illusion

Mental representations of previously stored sensory experiences are called mental _________. illusions propositions schemes images

images

James discovered that his cornea focuses an image _______ of his retina when he was diagnosed with myopia.

in front

A participant's agreement to take part in a study after being told what to expect is known as ______. psychological standards an experimental contract debriefing informed consent

informed consent

Diane is keeping an in-depth record of her conscious awareness, including the basic sensations, images, feelings, and thoughts that she is aware of experiencing. Diane is practicing what Wundt would call _________. introspection psychoanalysis empiricism functionalism

introspection

Basic research

is conducted to advance core scientific knowledge

The behavioral perspective is to ________ as the psychodynamic perspective is to A learning; unconscious processes. B adaptation; free will. C interaction; human nature. D conditioning; genetic predisposition.

learning; unconscious processes.

The functionalist approach

led by William James, considered the father of American psychology, studied the way the mind functions to enable humans and nonhuman animals to adapt to their environment.

Cora plays tennis for her college. During her most recent game she swung her arm back at an odd angle to hit the ball, which hurt her shoulder. She kept playing and the pain was gone after a minute or so. Once the game was over, Cora's shoulder started hurting so badly she could barely move it. This is an example of

limited pain perception due to endorphins.

If you stood on a set of railroad tracks and looked about a mile away on those tracks, which of the following depth cues would you see? A Müller-Lyer illusion B perceptual constancy C linear perspective D binocular cues

linear

Experimental research

manipulates and controls variables to determine cause and effect

Reggie is attending an opera with a full orchestra in front. When the instruments start playing during one of the more dramatic scenes of the opera, what is Reggie MOST likely to experience? A a majority of long wavelengths B a majority of short wavelengths C a mix of low-complexity wavelengths D a varied mixture of wavelengths

mixture

Descriptive research (4 major types)

naturalistic observation, survey/interview, case study, and archival research

One of psychology's most enduring debates:

nature-nurture controversy

Myopia

nearsightedness; lack of foresight

For ten days in a row Frank felt a static electric shock when he kissed his wife while standing on the living room carpet. Now he feels mildly anxious whenever he approaches his wife to kiss her. In classical conditioning, his wife was a(n) _____ stimulus ten days ago, and has now become a(n) _____ stimulus. neutral; unconditioned unconditioned; neutral neutral; conditioned unconditioned; conditioned

neutral; conditioned

What is the primary reason that extrasensory perception has not been accepted in the scientific community?

not been replicated

Blake is graduating from the School for the Blind today. After he receives his diploma, a group of people rush up to congratulate him. Blake immediately picks out his mother from the group and hugs her first. His keen observation was influenced by

olfactory

A(n) ______ provides a precise definition of how the variables in a study will be observed and measured. meta-analysis theory independent observation operational definition

operational definition

After stating the hypothesis, the next step in the scientific method needs to set the A research statistics. B operational definition. C sampling procedures. D survey method.

operational definition.

Hypothesis is to prediction as theory is to A controversies. B statistics. C estimations. D patterns.

patterns.

Which of the following supports the idea that elaborative rehearsal leads to better recall than maintenance rehearsal? people who study words by placing them into sentences remember them better than people who study by counting syllables people who study words by rating the unpleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who place words into sentences people who study words by rating the pleasantness of their sounds recall them as well as people who study by counting syllables people who study words by counting syllables remember them better than people who study by placing words into sentences

people who study words by placing them into sentences remember them better than people who study by counting syllables (adding meaning)

Upon moving from a rural area to a town filled with pedestrians and bike lanes, Joan catches herself having difficulty remembering to check the bike lane before checking the street for vehicular traffic. However, over time, checking both lanes becomes second nature due to

perceptual set

If there is fluid in your cochlea, then you A have tinnitus. B are at risk for sensorineural hearing loss. C probably are experiencing conduction hearing loss. D are perfectly normal.

perfectly normal

Which of the following examples can be used to illustrate the gate-control theory of pain?

phantom limb pain

Mario believes that individuals can tell the difference between certain pitches because of the stimulation of hair cells in the ear—he especially believes this to be true for high-pitched sounds. Mario believes in the

place theory of hearing

Endorphins

polypeptides made by the pituitary gland and central nervous system. Endorphins primarily help one deal with stress and reduce feelings of pain

The part of the brain that plays a major role in associating complex ideas, making plans, and allocating attention is the _________. prefrontal cortex cerebellum somatosensory cortex limbic system

prefrontal cortex

A representation of the "best" or most typical example of a category is called a(n) _________. natural concept artificial concept exemplar prototype

prototype

A newspaper website recently posted an article analyzing the handwriting of the President of the United States. "Experts" were cited who discussed conclusions about the President's personality based on the way he signs his name. This area of study, called graphology, is an example of ________, because it is based more on unfounded beliefs than genuine, research-supported data. pseudo psychology parapsychology psychology philosophy

pseudo psychology

__________ proposes that humans are unaware of much of the stimuli in our environment, such as light waves and odors.

psychophysics

Contemporary psychology

reflects the ideas of seven major perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, biological, evolutionary, and sociocultural.

Compared to correlational research, descriptive research is more vulnerable to A predictive variables. B researcher and participant biases. C statistical errors and biases. D the effects of confounding variables.

researcher and participant biases.

Distance between the eyes coupled with distance of objects from the eyes account for

retinal disparity.

Dark and light adaptations are the works of __________ and __________ respectively.

rods; cones

Psychology is defined as the ______. science of conscious and unconscious forces empirical study of the mind and behavior scientific study of the mind scientific study of behavior and mental processes

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Bottom-up processing starts its work with ____, whereas top-down processing begins its functions with _________.

sensation; perception

Gustation

sense of taste

The following descriptions are characteristic of ________ memory: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect "image." hort-term sensory long-term working

sensory

Listening to a tape of white noise to help you fall asleep is an example of the principle of

sensory adaptation.

When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your ________. long-term memory iconic memory store mnemonic devices sensory memory system

sensory memory system

Cones (eye)

sensory nerves in the retina of the eye having to do with color detection. Higher light

The memory system that stores sensory information while it "decides" whether to send it on to LTM is called ________ memory in the traditional memory model. long-term sensory short-term higher-order

short-term

Gestalt Principles

similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order theory of perception that was a rejection to the basic principles of Wilhelm Wundt's and Edward Titchener's elementalist and structuralist psychology

Nelson looks at a photograph featuring a toddler in the foreground and a skyscraper in the background. The skyscraper appears much smaller in scale in the picture than the toddler, but does not appear strange to Nelson due to

size constancy.

Which of the following terms do not belong together? structuralism, unconscious behavior behaviorism, observable behavior psychoanalytic, unconscious conflict humanism, free will

structuralism, unconscious behavior

Thalamus

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

Which of the following would be considered the foundation of the human nervous system? the brain the glial cell the neuron the brain

the neuron

Sandy is hiking in the woods with a friend. She hears a low growling sound coming from her right. When she asks her friend about it, he says he hears nothing. After walking a bit further, a hawk shrieks, which startles Sandy's friend. What best explains why Sandy's friend heard the hawk, but not the bear? A the auditory theory of hearing B the frequency theory of hearing C both place and frequency theories of hearing D the place theory of hearing

the place theory of hearing

Critical Thinking

the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information

Place Theory of Hearing

the theory that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies

Gate-control theory

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Using information and acting on that information is evidence of _________. cognition thinking problem-solving judging

thinking

Research from Cornell University shows that stomach cancer is 15 times higher in China than it is in the US. What was the goal of this finding? A to explain B to predict C to change D to describe

to describe

Psychology's four basic goals

to describe, explain, predict, and change behavior and mental processes through the use of the scientific method

What is the purpose of experimental research? A to stabilize relationships B to promote change C to identify cause and effect D to observe and collect data

to identify cause and effect

What was the purpose of the so-called "Skinner box"? A to aid in the treatment of depression and mood instability B to aid in the treatment of phobias and anxiety disorders C to shape behavior through conditioning D to modify social interaction

to shape behavior through conditioning

Information processing that begins with your thoughts, expectations, and knowledge and ends at the sensory level is called _____.

top-down

When your little brother reads a story book by sounding out individual letters to make words, he is using

top-down processing

The idea that mixtures of red, green, and blue compose the full spectrum of colors is the basis of the ________ theory of color perception.

trichromatic

Any event that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) unconditioned stimulus. instinctive response. contingency. operant stimulus.

unconditioned stimulus.

applied research

works to address practical, real-world problems

The eye doctor asks you to read the chart on the wall. What is the eye doctor trying to measure?

your absolute threshold

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship? +.43 −.64 −.72 .00

−.72