Chapter 2

We proceed from general theory to specific cases

Deductive reasoning

in a premise the "if" portion is known as the

antecedent

Jordan said, "Scientists have so far not been able to prove that the Loch Ness monster does not exist, and until that changes, I am going to believe that the monster does exist." Jordan shows the thinking or argumentation error of:

Arguing from ignorance and reversing the burden of proof

Ron said that because research has not proved that repressed memory does not exist, it will probably be eventually shown to exist; therefore, people should conclude that repressed memory does exist for now. Which kind of thinking error is Ron making?

Arguing from possibility or ignorance

An example of fallacy in conditional deductive reasoning that typically occurs when the "then" part is associated in the second phrase

Asserting the consequent

Occurs when someone concludes something is true because it is possible that it is not true or because it is not yet known to be false.

Assuming possibility/ignorance

A premise that is omitted and is taken for granted that the premise is true. It often leave gaps in the argument when not explicitly stated in arguments.

Assumption

The experiment in which children viewed adults interact with a "Bobo doll" punching bag provided evidence in support of

Bandura's Social learning theory

When people use their prior knowledge or belief rather than logic to draw a conclusion

Belief bias

When people are angry, they are likely to raise their voices. Andreas yelled at Shannon; therefore, Andreas was probably angry with Shannon. The thinking or argumentation errors of _____ and _____ are being committed in this example.

Belief bias; asserting the consequent

Karina said, "I think that most people have a special talent. This is because they are very good at doing one particular thing, and the thing that they excel at is quite specific to them." Karina is using the thinking error of _____ in her argumentation.

Circular reasoning

Reasoning to a conclusion that is simply a restatement of the information in the premises.

Circular reasoning

Final statement that is often times signaled by words such as therefore

Conclusion

An "if then" argument used tp make predictions and test theories

Conditional deductive argument

When reasoning proceeds from a general rule or principle to a specific case, it is BEST described as:

Deductive reasoning

We often reason from specific cases to a general principle such as a theory or hypothesis.

Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is often used to

Justify theories

First statement that is divided into two parts the "if" and the "then"

Major premise

The information that is already given (Broca's area in Bill's brain has been damaged)

Minor Premise

Consistent with the predictions of social learning theory, people who _____ tend to increase the frequency of aggressive behaviors.

Observe aggressive behavior

Cierra and Emily went to a local tennis court, only to find two other women who also wanted to use the court. The women decided to play doubles together, and Cierra picked the woman with the most expensive-looking tennis racket as her partner. The woman with the expensive racket ended up missing many more shots than her friend. The unwarranted assumption that Cierra made was:

People with more expensive-looking rackets are better tennis player

first two statements, they set the conditions for the third statement (conclusion) to be true

Premises

Shifting responsibility to the other side to show that your position is wrong when you have not yet provided sufficient evidence to support your side.

Shifting the burden of proof

People assume that all the individuals of a certain group share the same characteristics.

Stereotype

Making an unwarranted assumption is more likely to occur when a person has a belief that is consistent with a:

Stereotype or bias against people

Implies that something is true that has not been justified or supported by good reason. (Ex: Stereotype)

Unwarrented assumption

in a premise the "then" portion is known as the

consequent

A thinking error associated with deductive reasoning that leads to an invalid argument

fallacy