Psyclearn 3
Replicability
There are enough details and transparency in all steps of the research process that other researchers could replicate the study on their own.
Right to withdraw
Even after individuals agree to participate in research, they may change their minds and opt out of the project at any point with no negative consequences. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
Debriefing
Following a study's completion, researchers provide participants correct information about the study's purpose and rationale. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
Independent groups that review human subject research to ensure Ethical Standards are met. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
Reduction
One of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. Researchers should consider methods that minimize the number of animals used in the research while maximizing the information acquired.
Refinement
One of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. Researchers should use procedures that minimize harm and enhance the well-being of the animals used in research.
Respect for Persons
Part of the Belmont Report that dictates researchers must treat individuals as autonomous agents and provide protection for those with diminished autonomy.
APA Ethical Principles
General principles that serve as big picture goals to guide ethical conduct for psychologists. The APA Ethical Principles include: beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people's rights and dignity.
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)
Independent groups that review nonhuman animal research to ensure that the animals are being treated humanely.
Replacement
One of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. Researchers should consider methods that avoid using vertebrate animals.
Justice
Part of the Belmont Report and APA Ethical Principles that instructs researchers to balance selection of participants and beneficiaries of research.
Beneficence
Part of the Belmont Report that mandates researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits for research participants.
Morality
Personal principles of right and wrong.
Informed consent
Process of providing individuals enough information about participation in a research study prior to the beginning of that study in order to allow them to make a voluntary choice to participate. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
APA Ethics Code
Provides 5 general principles and 10 standards to guide the roles and work of psychology with the goal of upholding human and animal rights.
Animal Welfare Act of 1966
Regulates all nonhuman animal care in the United States.
Ethics
Set of principles agreed upon by a group.
APA Ethical Standards
Ten specific guidelines that must be followed to ensure ethical conduct for psychologists. Standards important to research include those that: ensure privacy and confidentiality, participant's right to withdraw, informed consent, deception and debriefing, institutional review boards, and protection for nonhuman animals.
Respect for people's rights and dignity
APA Ethical Principle that emphasizes respect, dignity, and worth of individuals, independent of their differences, guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality.
Integrity
APA Ethical Principle that focuses on the importance of accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the work of psychologists.
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
APA Ethical Principle that mandates protection from harm, based on the welfare and rights of humans and the welfare of animals.
Fidelity and responsibility
APA Ethical Principle that suggests that psychologists build trust, conduct their business professionally, cooperate with others, and provide responsible services.
Informed consent form
A factual document that contains the required informed consent information and may require a participant's signature.
Falsification
A type of fraud that involves altering research materials, processes, or results so the research recorded or presented is not a true representation of the research.
Fabrication
A type of fraud that involves making up dating or results and reporting them.
Conflict of Interest
A type of fraud that involves not disclosing when a researcher's perspective or situation may influence the outcome of a study.
Belmont Report
Contains ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Consists of three core principles: respect for persons, beneficence, justice.
Intellectual property rights
Creations of the mind that are considered a product (i.e., property) of an individual.
Fraud
The misinterpretation of facts, or lying.
Privacy and confidentiality
The practice of not disclosing personal or identifying information about a participant beyond what is necessary for carrying out the study. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
Risk-benefit analysis
The procedure an institutional review board uses for deciding if the potential harm of a research study outweighs the benefits of the research outcome.
Three Rs
Three strategies for making ethical decisions regarding animal research including replacement, refinement, and reduction.
Plagiarism
Use of the words, ideas, processes, or results of others without properly citing the source.
Social desirability
When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to avoid sharing something they feel may make them look bad.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
When participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to what they think should be the answer.
Deception
When the information initially provided to participants in a research study is incomplete or inaccurate in order to prevent participants from knowing the true purpose of the study. Included in the APA Ethical Standards.
