Psys 100 chapter 2 study guide forbey
Watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation
Naturalistic observation
unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
blind
To be sure that we aren't fooled by popular media reports about psychology research, we should be on the lookout for: A) dumbing down B) the placebo effect C) sharpening and leveling D) deliberate deception
c
Mark Twain referred to three kinds of untruths: "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" because: A) statistics don't show the whole picture B) statistics are traditionally unethical C) statistics are generally wrong D) statistics can be used to mislead people
d
Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman refers to intuitive thinking as System 1. What type of thinking does he refer to as System 2? A) descriptive B) impressionistic C) speculative D) analytical
d
Questions such as, "What's the average level of extraversion in this sample?" call for the use of which kind of statistics? A) deterministic B) influential C) inferential D) descriptive
d
The cases of facilitated communications and lobotomies demonstrate that good research deign is important because intelligent, well-trained people: A) don't make good scientists B) are in low supply in psychology C) can be innately cruel D) can be fooled
d
Pro of correlational designs
help us predict behavior
mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
heuristics
Pro of naturalistic observation
high degree of external validity
Pro of experimental designs
high in internal validity
0 means ___ relationship
No
Study done between 1932 and 1972 where 399 African American men diagnosed with syphilis were uninformed and untreated to research the natural course of syphilis.
Tuskegee
Getting accurate results or measuring what you are intending to measure
Validity
When a politician makes the statement that the average tax return will be $5,000 for citizens of his state we should be suspicious of his statistics. It would be more meaningful to report the ________ as a measure of central tendency. A) average of refunds in all similar states B) median or mode C) highest and lowest refunds D) refund of an individual "typical" taxpayer
b
Research using animals generates much anger and discomfort, especially when the research involves ________ procedures that cause physical harm to the animals. A) sadistic B) planned C) invasive D) generative
c
Which term means the extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences? A) existence proof B) external validity C) internal validity D) observation
c
numerical characterizations that describe data
descriptive statistics
Common con of naturalistic observation, case studies, and correlational designs
don't allow us to infer causation
when neither the researcher nor the participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group
double-blind
demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur
existence proofs
research design characterized by 1. random assignment of participants to conditions and 2. manipulation of an independent variable
experiment
Causation comes from which designs?
experimental designs only
phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a situation
experimenter expectancy effect
measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean
standard deviation
application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
statistics
Why is it important to specify how we're measuring our variables?
two researchers ,might define the same variables in different ways and end up with different conclusions
Con of case studies
typically anecdotal
measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
variability
When is something statistically significant?
when the finding would have occurred by chance less than 5 in 100 times
harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
nocebo effect
also known as average
mean
3 measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
middle score in a set of data
median
most frequent score in a data set
mode
Why is random selection crucial?
allows us to generalize our results to the broader population
Correlation can vary from ___ to ___
-1; +1
Four types of research studies
1. Naturalistic observation 2. Case study 3. Correlational design 4. Experimental design
2 types of descriptive statistics
1. central tendency 2. variability
Con of experimental designs
CAN BE low in external validity
difference between the highest and lowest scores
range
2 kinds of statistics psychologists use
1. descriptive 2. inferential
What are the three APA Ethical Principles for Human Research?
1. informed consent 2. protection from harm and discomfort 3. deception and debriefing
Under what 2 circumstances is deception justifiable in a study?
1. researchers couldn't have performed the study without the deception 2. the scientific knowledge to be gained from the study outweighs its costs
research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time
Case study
Sense of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
Dispersion
Extent to which we can generalize our findings to the real world
External validity
Phenomenon in which participants' knowledge that they're being studied can impact their behavior
Hawthorne effect
Perception of a statistical association where none exists
Illusory correlation
Extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences
Internal validity
Getting similar results under similar conditions and/or @ different times
Reliability
Poor research design can end up having unintended consequences that devastate lives. Who spent 80 days in jail after being accused of child abuse via facilitated communication? A) Laura Storch B) Julian Wendrow C) Douglas Biklen D) Egas Moniz
b
In a psychology journal, a statistically significant chance of a particular finding having occurred by chance 5 out of 100 times during a research study would be expressed as : A) p<.05 B) p<5/100 C) p=5% D) px5=100
a
One of the advantages of experimental designs is that we can infer causation. What is one of the disadvantages? A) can be low in external validity B) can be low in anecdotal validity C) can be low in internal validity D) can be low in correlational validity
a
The authors accept the philosophical belief that science is ________, that is, neither good nor bad. A) value-neutral B) conscience-free C) ethically static D) morally indefensible
a
We say that something has practical significance if it: A) makes a difference in the real world B) results from manipulating a single variable C) is not statistically significant D) would occur by chance less than 5 out of 100 times
a
When evaluating psychological findings, we should be careful of using heuristics, which are not always accurate. This kind of thinking is based on: A) intuition B) experience C) analysis D) ethics
a
Which term describes a curved line on a graph that can be bell-shaped, negatively skewed, or positively skewed? A) distribution graph B) truncated line graph C) scatterplot D) bar graph
a
You want to design a self-report measure for your study of personality traits but you know you should be concerned that respondents will distort their answers to paint themselves in a positive light. This tendency is known as: A) response sets B) lying C) interrater reliability D) halo effect
a
You want to design a study that will be high in internal validity and allow you to infer causation. Which research design should you use? A) experimental design B) correlational design C) naturalistic observation D) case studies
a
If we want to study people's actual behavior "in the wild" without them being influenced by the laboratory setting, we can use: A) correlational designs B) naturalistic observation C) case studies D) experimental designs
b
measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
central tendency
any variable that differs between the experimental and control group other than the independent variable
confound
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated
correlational design
Analytical thinking is __________ compared to intuitive thinking? A) heuristic B) immediate C) painful D) slow
d
The APA Ethical Principles for Human Research state, "A contact who can answer questions about the research and the participant's rights should be provided." This statement is covered in which of the following categories? A) expectation of privacy B) deception and debriefing C) protection from harm and discomfort D) informed consent
d
Which effect listed below occurs when people experience harm from the mere expectation of harm, even when nothing harmful has actually happened to them? A) placeno effect B) voodoo effect C) placebo effect D) nocebo effect
d
Why do most individuals on both sides of the animal rights debate believe that it is a "dreadful idea" for animal activists to release captive laboratory animals? A) cures for disease might not be found without these animal experiments B) the animals could spread diseases to the nearby human population C) humans may be bitten or clawed by fleeing animals D) many of the animals die shortly after being released
d
cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses
demand characteristics
Con of naturalistic observation
low degree of internal validity
mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
inferential statistics
informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
informed consent
There are 2 types of thinking. What are they?
intuitive and analytical
a score that is much higher or lower than the typical responses and can provide a misleading picture of the data set
outlier
improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement
placebo effect
surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus
prefrontal lobotomy
Pro of case studies
provide existence proofs allow us to study rare or unusual phenomena
procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
random selection