Psys 100 chapter 2 study guide forbey

Watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation

Naturalistic observation

unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group

blind

To be sure that we aren't fooled by popular media reports about psychology research, we should be on the lookout for: A) dumbing down B) the placebo effect C) sharpening and leveling D) deliberate deception

c

Mark Twain referred to three kinds of untruths: "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" because: A) statistics don't show the whole picture B) statistics are traditionally unethical C) statistics are generally wrong D) statistics can be used to mislead people

d

Nobel prize winner Daniel Kahneman refers to intuitive thinking as System 1. What type of thinking does he refer to as System 2? A) descriptive B) impressionistic C) speculative D) analytical

d

Questions such as, "What's the average level of extraversion in this sample?" call for the use of which kind of statistics? A) deterministic B) influential C) inferential D) descriptive

d

The cases of facilitated communications and lobotomies demonstrate that good research deign is important because intelligent, well-trained people: A) don't make good scientists B) are in low supply in psychology C) can be innately cruel D) can be fooled

d

Pro of correlational designs

help us predict behavior

mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world

heuristics

Pro of naturalistic observation

high degree of external validity

Pro of experimental designs

high in internal validity

0 means ___ relationship

No

Study done between 1932 and 1972 where 399 African American men diagnosed with syphilis were uninformed and untreated to research the natural course of syphilis.

Tuskegee

Getting accurate results or measuring what you are intending to measure

Validity

When a politician makes the statement that the average tax return will be $5,000 for citizens of his state we should be suspicious of his statistics. It would be more meaningful to report the ________ as a measure of central tendency. A) average of refunds in all similar states B) median or mode C) highest and lowest refunds D) refund of an individual "typical" taxpayer

b

Research using animals generates much anger and discomfort, especially when the research involves ________ procedures that cause physical harm to the animals. A) sadistic B) planned C) invasive D) generative

c

Which term means the extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences? A) existence proof B) external validity C) internal validity D) observation

c

numerical characterizations that describe data

descriptive statistics

Common con of naturalistic observation, case studies, and correlational designs

don't allow us to infer causation

when neither the researcher nor the participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group

double-blind

demonstration that a given psychological phenomenon can occur

existence proofs

research design characterized by 1. random assignment of participants to conditions and 2. manipulation of an independent variable

experiment

Causation comes from which designs?

experimental designs only

phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a situation

experimenter expectancy effect

measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean

standard deviation

application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data

statistics

Why is it important to specify how we're measuring our variables?

two researchers ,might define the same variables in different ways and end up with different conclusions

Con of case studies

typically anecdotal

measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are

variability

When is something statistically significant?

when the finding would have occurred by chance less than 5 in 100 times

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm

nocebo effect

also known as average

mean

3 measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

middle score in a set of data

median

most frequent score in a data set

mode

Why is random selection crucial?

allows us to generalize our results to the broader population

Correlation can vary from ___ to ___

-1; +1

Four types of research studies

1. Naturalistic observation 2. Case study 3. Correlational design 4. Experimental design

2 types of descriptive statistics

1. central tendency 2. variability

Con of experimental designs

CAN BE low in external validity

difference between the highest and lowest scores

range

2 kinds of statistics psychologists use

1. descriptive 2. inferential

What are the three APA Ethical Principles for Human Research?

1. informed consent 2. protection from harm and discomfort 3. deception and debriefing

Under what 2 circumstances is deception justifiable in a study?

1. researchers couldn't have performed the study without the deception 2. the scientific knowledge to be gained from the study outweighs its costs

research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time

Case study

Sense of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are

Dispersion

Extent to which we can generalize our findings to the real world

External validity

Phenomenon in which participants' knowledge that they're being studied can impact their behavior

Hawthorne effect

Perception of a statistical association where none exists

Illusory correlation

Extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences

Internal validity

Getting similar results under similar conditions and/or @ different times

Reliability

Poor research design can end up having unintended consequences that devastate lives. Who spent 80 days in jail after being accused of child abuse via facilitated communication? A) Laura Storch B) Julian Wendrow C) Douglas Biklen D) Egas Moniz

b

In a psychology journal, a statistically significant chance of a particular finding having occurred by chance 5 out of 100 times during a research study would be expressed as : A) p<.05 B) p<5/100 C) p=5% D) px5=100

a

One of the advantages of experimental designs is that we can infer causation. What is one of the disadvantages? A) can be low in external validity B) can be low in anecdotal validity C) can be low in internal validity D) can be low in correlational validity

a

The authors accept the philosophical belief that science is ________, that is, neither good nor bad. A) value-neutral B) conscience-free C) ethically static D) morally indefensible

a

We say that something has practical significance if it: A) makes a difference in the real world B) results from manipulating a single variable C) is not statistically significant D) would occur by chance less than 5 out of 100 times

a

When evaluating psychological findings, we should be careful of using heuristics, which are not always accurate. This kind of thinking is based on: A) intuition B) experience C) analysis D) ethics

a

Which term describes a curved line on a graph that can be bell-shaped, negatively skewed, or positively skewed? A) distribution graph B) truncated line graph C) scatterplot D) bar graph

a

You want to design a self-report measure for your study of personality traits but you know you should be concerned that respondents will distort their answers to paint themselves in a positive light. This tendency is known as: A) response sets B) lying C) interrater reliability D) halo effect

a

You want to design a study that will be high in internal validity and allow you to infer causation. Which research design should you use? A) experimental design B) correlational design C) naturalistic observation D) case studies

a

If we want to study people's actual behavior "in the wild" without them being influenced by the laboratory setting, we can use: A) correlational designs B) naturalistic observation C) case studies D) experimental designs

b

measure of the "central" scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster

central tendency

any variable that differs between the experimental and control group other than the independent variable

confound

research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated

correlational design

Analytical thinking is __________ compared to intuitive thinking? A) heuristic B) immediate C) painful D) slow

d

The APA Ethical Principles for Human Research state, "A contact who can answer questions about the research and the participant's rights should be provided." This statement is covered in which of the following categories? A) expectation of privacy B) deception and debriefing C) protection from harm and discomfort D) informed consent

d

Which effect listed below occurs when people experience harm from the mere expectation of harm, even when nothing harmful has actually happened to them? A) placeno effect B) voodoo effect C) placebo effect D) nocebo effect

d

Why do most individuals on both sides of the animal rights debate believe that it is a "dreadful idea" for animal activists to release captive laboratory animals? A) cures for disease might not be found without these animal experiments B) the animals could spread diseases to the nearby human population C) humans may be bitten or clawed by fleeing animals D) many of the animals die shortly after being released

d

cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses

demand characteristics

Con of naturalistic observation

low degree of internal validity

mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

inferential statistics

informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

informed consent

There are 2 types of thinking. What are they?

intuitive and analytical

a score that is much higher or lower than the typical responses and can provide a misleading picture of the data set

outlier

improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement

placebo effect

surgical procedure that severs fibers connecting the frontal lobes of the brain from the underlying thalamus

prefrontal lobotomy

Pro of case studies

provide existence proofs allow us to study rare or unusual phenomena

procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

random selection