PTH 121 FA22 Resistance Exercise

Pathological Fracture

AKA fragility fracture; fracture of bone already weakened by disease that results from minor stress to the skeletal system.

Sometimes called aerobic power, this term describes the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over time.

Muscle (local) endurance

What type of resistance exercise is achieved by greater intensity of exercise and shorter time period taken to generate the force?

Power Training

Power

The rate of performing work

Sets

a predetermined number of consecutive repetitions grouped together

What is the term used to describe how a muscle must be challenged to perform at a greater level than it is accustomed to improve muscle performance?

Overload

Resistance Training to improve muscle endurance

Perform many repetitions of an exercise against a submaximal load or holding an isometric muscle contraction for incrementally longer periods of time.

Multi-angle isometrics

Refers to a system of isometric exercise in which resistance is applied at multiple joint positions within the available ROM.

Resistance exercise stabilization

Refers to holding down a body segment or holding the body steady.

Mode of Resistance Exercise

Refers to the form of exercise, the type of muscle contraction that occurs and the manner in which the exercise is carried out.

Functional Movements and Tasks

Require a balance of active movement superimposed on a stable background of neuromuscular control. A resistance exercise program must address both static and dynamic strength of the trunk and extremities.

Mobility

Requires correct activation sequencing and intensity of agonist and antagonist muscles across multiple muscle groups.

Any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contractions are resisted by an outside source manually or mechanically applied is called _____?

Resistance exercise/Training

Components of muscle performance

Strength, power, endurance

What is the term that describes a systematic procedure of a muscle (or muscle group) lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy resistance for a relatively low number of reps or over a short period of time?

Strengthening

In the early stages of a rehab program, which type of resistance exercise is MOST appropriate?

Submaximal isometrics

Resistance Exercise Intensity

The amount of external resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise.

Strength

The amount of force your muscles can produce in a single effort

Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise (CKC)

The distal (terminal) body segment is fixed and the external resistance moves proximal segments and joints over the stationary distal segment. These exercises emphasize joint compression and are considered more functional in nature.

Resistance Exercise Frequency

The number of exercise sessions per day or week; recommended: 2-3 d/wk, allowing 48 hours between for same muscle group ; 1d/wk for maintenance

Repetitions

The number of times a particular movement is performed consecutively

Reversibility Principle

The physical benefits of exercise are lost through disuse or inactivity.

Exercise order for resistance training

The sequence in which exercises are performed during an exercise session has an impact on muscle fatigue and adaptive training effects.

Resistance Exercise Volume

The summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single exercise session multiplied by the intensity of the exercise.

Resistance Exercise Duration

The total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out. For significant changes to occur in muscle, such as hypertrophy or increased vascularization, at least 6 to 12 weeks of resistance training is required.

Rest Interval (Recovery period)

Time allotted for recuperation between sets and sessions of exercise; Crucial for muscle performance improvements. Higher intensity exercise dictates a longer rest interval. (2-4 minutes is usually sufficient)

What type of exercise is characterized by repetitive, dynamic motor activities such as walking, cycling, and swimming that use the large muscles of the body?

Total body endurance

muscle fiber adaptations to resistance training

Type IIB (phasic) muscle fibers preferentially hypertrophy with heavy resistance training; transformation of type IIB to type IIA is common with endurance training.

Open Kinetic Chain Exercise (OKC)

Typically focuses on motion at a single joint and the distal body segment is free to move.

This term describes the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single session multiplied by the intensity of the exercise.

Volume

Overwork

Weakness from progressive deterioration of strength in muscles already weakened by nonprogressive neuromuscular disease.

muscle setting exercises

a form of isometric exercise; low-intensity isometric contraction performed against little to no resistance; can retard muscle atrophy and maintain mobility between muscle fibers when immobilization of a muscle is necessary

Types of muscle contractions

concentric, eccentric, isometric

Cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue

diminished response of an individual (the entire body) as the result of prolonged physical activity

Isometric (Static) Exercise

exercise causing a muscle contraction without a change in the muscle's length or a joint's angle

Manual Resistance Exercise

form of active resisted exercise in which the resistive force is applied by the PT/PTA to either a DYNAMIC or STATIC muscular contraction

Mechanical Resistance Exercise

form of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus

Hypertrophy

increase in muscle size

Overload principle

placing an extra physical demand on your body in order to improve your fitness level

Muscle (local) fatigue

the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus; reflective in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials

repetition maximum (RM)

the greatest amount of weight (load) a muscle can move through the available range of motion a specific number of times; the maximum amount you can lift one time

Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands (SAID)

the type of demand placed on the body dictates the type of adaptation that will occur

Repetition of isometric contractions

2-3 sets

Duration of isometric contractions

6-10 seconds

duration of isometric contraction

6-10 seconds

Muscle stabilization exercises

A form of isometric exercise used to develop a submaximal but sustained level of co-contraction to improve postural stability or dynamic joint stability.

Dynamic Exercise-Constant External Resistance (DCER)

A limb moves through a ROM against a constant external load provided by free weights, weight machines or weight-pulley systems

Variable Resistance Exercise

A type of dynamic exercise that uses a changing load, providing a maximum load at the strongest point in the affected joint's range of motion; bands and tubing

Three Energy Systems for muscles

ATP-PC, Glycolytic/lactic acid and Aerobic/Oxidative

Endurance

Ability to perform repetitive or sustained submaximal activities for a prolonged period

Internal stabilization for resistance exercise

Achieved by an isometric contraction of an adjacent muscle group that does not impact the desired movement pattern but holds the proximal body segment of the muscle being strengthened firmly in place. Example, abdominals contract to perform a straight leg raise.

Stability

Achieved through proper agonist and antagonist muscle activation at individual joints

Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness (Active)

Acute muscle soreness that develops during or directly after strenuous exercise performed to the point of muscle exhaustion.

Determinants of Resistance Exercise to minimize substitute motions

Alignment and stabilization

Periodization of training (periodized training)

An approach to resistance training that partitions a training program into specific time intervals and establishes systematic variation in exercise intensity and reps, sets and frequency. Used for highly trained athletes; DAPRE principle (daily adjusted progressive resistive exercise)

Valsalva Maneuver

Any forced expiratory effort against a closed airway such as when an individual holds his or her breath and tightens his or her muscles in a concerted, strenuous effort to move a heavy object or change positions in bed. Precaution for resistance exercise.

Initiation of Endurance training

Begins early in a rehab program because of very low levels of resistance

External stabilization for resistance exercise

Can be applied manually by the therapist or the patient with equipment such as belts and straps or by using gravity to hold the body against a firm support.

Substitute motions

Compensatory movement patterns caused by muscle action of a stronger adjacent agonist or a muscle group that normally serves as a stabilizer.

Resistance exercise alignment

Considers muscle fiber orientation, the line of pull and the specific action desired of the muscle to be strengthened.

Resistance Exercise to Improve Muscle Strength Protocols

Delorme and Oxford

Resistance Training to improve muscle power

Developed and improved by modifying intensity and speed of training

Contraindications to Resistance Exercise

During periods of acute inflammation, acute diseases or disorders, Pain during active movements with no external load, presence of inflammatory neuromuscular disease (Guillain Barre), severe cardiac or respiratory diseases or disorders associated with acute symptoms.

What term describes the ability to perform low intensity, repetitive or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time?

Endurance

What is the term characterized by having a muscle contract and lift/lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time?

Endurance training

Overtraining

Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in fatigue (which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery).

Isokinetic Exercise

Exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate; patient is placed in a machine and angular speed of movement is changed through varying degrees of motion.

Eccentric dynamic muscle contraction

External load exceeds muscle force, muscle lengthens as load is resisted

Which of the following is not a key element of muscle performance?

Fitness

What term refers to the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces in a smooth, coordinated manner?

Functional Strength

Hyperplasia

Increased number of muscle fibers

What is the term to describe the amount of resistance (weight, load or training load) imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise?

Intensity

What is the term for the rate of performing work; calculated as the work produced by a muscle per unit of time?

Muscle Power

Concentric dynamic muscle contraction

Muscle force exceeds external load, muscle shortens as load is moved

What is the term defined as the capacity of a muscle to do work (force x distance)?

Muscle performance

Overload Principle for muscle performance

Muscle performance (strength, power or endurance) only improves if the muscle is subjected to an exercise load that is greater than what is usually experienced.

Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness (Delayed Onset)

Muscle soreness in the muscle belly or at the myotendinous junction with vigorous and unaccustomed resistance training or any form of muscular exertion. Usually develops 12-24 hours after the exercise session.

What is the term for the greatest measurable force that can be exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single maximum effort?

Muscle strength

What type of training occurs when the amount of resistance is incrementally and progressively increased?

Muscle strength