PTH 121 FA22 Resistance Exercise
Pathological Fracture
AKA fragility fracture; fracture of bone already weakened by disease that results from minor stress to the skeletal system.
Sometimes called aerobic power, this term describes the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over time.
Muscle (local) endurance
What type of resistance exercise is achieved by greater intensity of exercise and shorter time period taken to generate the force?
Power Training
Power
The rate of performing work
Sets
a predetermined number of consecutive repetitions grouped together
What is the term used to describe how a muscle must be challenged to perform at a greater level than it is accustomed to improve muscle performance?
Overload
Resistance Training to improve muscle endurance
Perform many repetitions of an exercise against a submaximal load or holding an isometric muscle contraction for incrementally longer periods of time.
Multi-angle isometrics
Refers to a system of isometric exercise in which resistance is applied at multiple joint positions within the available ROM.
Resistance exercise stabilization
Refers to holding down a body segment or holding the body steady.
Mode of Resistance Exercise
Refers to the form of exercise, the type of muscle contraction that occurs and the manner in which the exercise is carried out.
Functional Movements and Tasks
Require a balance of active movement superimposed on a stable background of neuromuscular control. A resistance exercise program must address both static and dynamic strength of the trunk and extremities.
Mobility
Requires correct activation sequencing and intensity of agonist and antagonist muscles across multiple muscle groups.
Any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contractions are resisted by an outside source manually or mechanically applied is called _____?
Resistance exercise/Training
Components of muscle performance
Strength, power, endurance
What is the term that describes a systematic procedure of a muscle (or muscle group) lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy resistance for a relatively low number of reps or over a short period of time?
Strengthening
In the early stages of a rehab program, which type of resistance exercise is MOST appropriate?
Submaximal isometrics
Resistance Exercise Intensity
The amount of external resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise.
Strength
The amount of force your muscles can produce in a single effort
Closed Kinetic Chain Exercise (CKC)
The distal (terminal) body segment is fixed and the external resistance moves proximal segments and joints over the stationary distal segment. These exercises emphasize joint compression and are considered more functional in nature.
Resistance Exercise Frequency
The number of exercise sessions per day or week; recommended: 2-3 d/wk, allowing 48 hours between for same muscle group ; 1d/wk for maintenance
Repetitions
The number of times a particular movement is performed consecutively
Reversibility Principle
The physical benefits of exercise are lost through disuse or inactivity.
Exercise order for resistance training
The sequence in which exercises are performed during an exercise session has an impact on muscle fatigue and adaptive training effects.
Resistance Exercise Volume
The summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single exercise session multiplied by the intensity of the exercise.
Resistance Exercise Duration
The total number of weeks or months during which a resistance exercise program is carried out. For significant changes to occur in muscle, such as hypertrophy or increased vascularization, at least 6 to 12 weeks of resistance training is required.
Rest Interval (Recovery period)
Time allotted for recuperation between sets and sessions of exercise; Crucial for muscle performance improvements. Higher intensity exercise dictates a longer rest interval. (2-4 minutes is usually sufficient)
What type of exercise is characterized by repetitive, dynamic motor activities such as walking, cycling, and swimming that use the large muscles of the body?
Total body endurance
muscle fiber adaptations to resistance training
Type IIB (phasic) muscle fibers preferentially hypertrophy with heavy resistance training; transformation of type IIB to type IIA is common with endurance training.
Open Kinetic Chain Exercise (OKC)
Typically focuses on motion at a single joint and the distal body segment is free to move.
This term describes the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single session multiplied by the intensity of the exercise.
Volume
Overwork
Weakness from progressive deterioration of strength in muscles already weakened by nonprogressive neuromuscular disease.
muscle setting exercises
a form of isometric exercise; low-intensity isometric contraction performed against little to no resistance; can retard muscle atrophy and maintain mobility between muscle fibers when immobilization of a muscle is necessary
Types of muscle contractions
concentric, eccentric, isometric
Cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue
diminished response of an individual (the entire body) as the result of prolonged physical activity
Isometric (Static) Exercise
exercise causing a muscle contraction without a change in the muscle's length or a joint's angle
Manual Resistance Exercise
form of active resisted exercise in which the resistive force is applied by the PT/PTA to either a DYNAMIC or STATIC muscular contraction
Mechanical Resistance Exercise
form of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus
Hypertrophy
increase in muscle size
Overload principle
placing an extra physical demand on your body in order to improve your fitness level
Muscle (local) fatigue
the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus; reflective in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials
repetition maximum (RM)
the greatest amount of weight (load) a muscle can move through the available range of motion a specific number of times; the maximum amount you can lift one time
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands (SAID)
the type of demand placed on the body dictates the type of adaptation that will occur
Repetition of isometric contractions
2-3 sets
Duration of isometric contractions
6-10 seconds
duration of isometric contraction
6-10 seconds
Muscle stabilization exercises
A form of isometric exercise used to develop a submaximal but sustained level of co-contraction to improve postural stability or dynamic joint stability.
Dynamic Exercise-Constant External Resistance (DCER)
A limb moves through a ROM against a constant external load provided by free weights, weight machines or weight-pulley systems
Variable Resistance Exercise
A type of dynamic exercise that uses a changing load, providing a maximum load at the strongest point in the affected joint's range of motion; bands and tubing
Three Energy Systems for muscles
ATP-PC, Glycolytic/lactic acid and Aerobic/Oxidative
Endurance
Ability to perform repetitive or sustained submaximal activities for a prolonged period
Internal stabilization for resistance exercise
Achieved by an isometric contraction of an adjacent muscle group that does not impact the desired movement pattern but holds the proximal body segment of the muscle being strengthened firmly in place. Example, abdominals contract to perform a straight leg raise.
Stability
Achieved through proper agonist and antagonist muscle activation at individual joints
Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness (Active)
Acute muscle soreness that develops during or directly after strenuous exercise performed to the point of muscle exhaustion.
Determinants of Resistance Exercise to minimize substitute motions
Alignment and stabilization
Periodization of training (periodized training)
An approach to resistance training that partitions a training program into specific time intervals and establishes systematic variation in exercise intensity and reps, sets and frequency. Used for highly trained athletes; DAPRE principle (daily adjusted progressive resistive exercise)
Valsalva Maneuver
Any forced expiratory effort against a closed airway such as when an individual holds his or her breath and tightens his or her muscles in a concerted, strenuous effort to move a heavy object or change positions in bed. Precaution for resistance exercise.
Initiation of Endurance training
Begins early in a rehab program because of very low levels of resistance
External stabilization for resistance exercise
Can be applied manually by the therapist or the patient with equipment such as belts and straps or by using gravity to hold the body against a firm support.
Substitute motions
Compensatory movement patterns caused by muscle action of a stronger adjacent agonist or a muscle group that normally serves as a stabilizer.
Resistance exercise alignment
Considers muscle fiber orientation, the line of pull and the specific action desired of the muscle to be strengthened.
Resistance Exercise to Improve Muscle Strength Protocols
Delorme and Oxford
Resistance Training to improve muscle power
Developed and improved by modifying intensity and speed of training
Contraindications to Resistance Exercise
During periods of acute inflammation, acute diseases or disorders, Pain during active movements with no external load, presence of inflammatory neuromuscular disease (Guillain Barre), severe cardiac or respiratory diseases or disorders associated with acute symptoms.
What term describes the ability to perform low intensity, repetitive or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time?
Endurance
What is the term characterized by having a muscle contract and lift/lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time?
Endurance training
Overtraining
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in fatigue (which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery).
Isokinetic Exercise
Exercise involving muscle contractions with resistance varying at a constant rate; patient is placed in a machine and angular speed of movement is changed through varying degrees of motion.
Eccentric dynamic muscle contraction
External load exceeds muscle force, muscle lengthens as load is resisted
Which of the following is not a key element of muscle performance?
Fitness
What term refers to the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces in a smooth, coordinated manner?
Functional Strength
Hyperplasia
Increased number of muscle fibers
What is the term to describe the amount of resistance (weight, load or training load) imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise?
Intensity
What is the term for the rate of performing work; calculated as the work produced by a muscle per unit of time?
Muscle Power
Concentric dynamic muscle contraction
Muscle force exceeds external load, muscle shortens as load is moved
What is the term defined as the capacity of a muscle to do work (force x distance)?
Muscle performance
Overload Principle for muscle performance
Muscle performance (strength, power or endurance) only improves if the muscle is subjected to an exercise load that is greater than what is usually experienced.
Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness (Delayed Onset)
Muscle soreness in the muscle belly or at the myotendinous junction with vigorous and unaccustomed resistance training or any form of muscular exertion. Usually develops 12-24 hours after the exercise session.
What is the term for the greatest measurable force that can be exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single maximum effort?
Muscle strength
What type of training occurs when the amount of resistance is incrementally and progressively increased?
Muscle strength