PUB COMM - Final Exam, Paulin
Most speeches contain from ___________________ to __________________ main points.
2, 5
Using language __________________ is as vital to a speakers as using numbers accurately is to an accountant.
accurately
List the six strategies for dealing with nervousness: _______________________________, ________________________, ___________________, ____________________________, ____________________________________, ____________________________________.
acquire experience, prepare, think positive, use power of visualization, remember nervousness is not visible, don't expect perfection
__________________________________________ means giving your undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.
active listening
When you speak to persuade, you act as an ____________.
advocate
__________________ is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
antithesis
_________________________ is listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.
appreciative
List the seven guidelines for presenting visual aides: ______________________________, ______________________________, _________________________________________, ______________________________, _________________________________________, ______________________________, _________________________________________.
avoid passing around, display only when discussing, explain clearly and concisely, talk to audience, practice, check room and equipment
If you are using PowerPoint, always bring a __________________________ of your slides.
backup
One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is using ____________, _____________ words where _______________, _________________ ones will do the job better.
big, bloated, short, sharp
the ________________________ is the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
burden of proof
List five ways to order your main points: _______________________________________, _________________________________, ______________________________________, _________________________________, ______________________________________.
chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solution, topical
List five ways to order your main points: ______________, ____________, _____________, ______________, and _____________.
chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solving, topical
Whenever you ___________ someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person.
cite
Research studies confirm that ___________________________ is vital to effective public speaking. Listeners must be able to follow the ________________________ of ideas in a speech from _______________________ to ____________________.
clear organization, progression, beginning to end
Research studies confirm that ________________ is vital to effective public speaking. Listeners must be able to follow the ______________ of ideas in a speech from ______________ to _________.
clear organization, progression, beginning, end
informative speakers work on communicating their ideas in _________ &____________ language
clear, nontechnical
In the process of gaining attention, be sure to ______________________________ of your speech. If you do not, your listeners will be _____________________________ and your chances of getting them absorbed in the speech are almost __________________.
clearly state the topic, confused, nil
In the process of gaining attention, be sure to ______________________________ of your speech. If you do not, your listeners will be _____________________________ and your chances of getting them absorbed in the speech are almost __________________.
clearly state the topic, confused, nil
_________________________ describes discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.
clutter
The main points of a speech should be organized to ____________________________ the speaker's message. __________________________________ would work very well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore.
communicate, chronological
The main points of a speech should be organized to ____________________________ the speaker's message. __________________________________ would work very well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore.
communicate, chronological
____________ states the similarities among 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc.
comparison
_________________________ is listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house.
comprehensive
The _________________________________ is your last chance to drive home your ideas
conclusion
The _________________________________ is your last chance to drive home your ideas.
conclusion
___________ words refer to tangible objects, __________ words refer to ideas of concepts.
concrete, abstract
_________________________ are a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
connective
_________________________ are a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
connectives
_______________________________________________ is more variable, figurative, and subjective. Its meaning is suggested by the associations or __________________ triggered by a word or phrase.
connotative, emotions
____________ states the differences among 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc.
contrast
Listeners also have ethical obligations. They are (1) _______________________________ _____________________; (2) ________________________________________________; (3) ______________________________________________________________________.
courteous/attentive, avoid prejudgement of speaker, maintain free and open expression
_______________________________________________ is the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
credibility
_______________________________________________ is the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
credibility
A ____________________________________ is a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.
crescendo ending
_________________________ is listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer, the campaign speech of a political candidate, or the closing arguments of an attorney in a jury trial.
critical
______________________________ often hand written notes on a speakers outline giving them directions on how to deliver key parts of the speech.
delivery cues
Words have two kinds of meanings—_________________ and _____________________
denotative, connotative
_______________________________________________________ is precise, literal, and objective. It is the literal or __________________ meaning of a word or phrase.
denotative, dictionary
A ____________________________________ is a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.
dissolve ending
the 5 guidelines for informative speaking are:
don't overestimate what the audience knows, relate the subject directly, don't be too technical, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas and be creative
_________________________ is listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress.
empathetic
Besides getting attention and revealing the topic, there is a third objective you may need to accomplish in your introduction—____________________________________________.
establish your credibility and goodwill
Besides getting attention and revealing the topic, there is a third objective you may need to accomplish in your introduction—____________________________________________.
establishing credibility
____ is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
ethics
_______________________________ is the belief that our own group or culture—whatever it may be—is superior to all other groups or cultures.
ethnocentrism
Credibility, which Aristotle identified as ____________, is affected by two factors: ____________ and ____________.
ethos, competence, character
____________ is supporting materials used to prove or disprove something
evidence
_______________________ speeches are prepared ahead of time, but the _____________ words are chosen at the moment of presentation. This allows for more ________________ delivery than does reading form a ___________________________.
extemporaneous, exact, direct, manuscript
many questions of ____________ cannot be answered because we do not have enough information, but this does not stop people from ____________.
fact, speculating
a ____________ is an error in reasoning.
fallacy
There is no place n ethical speechmaking for deliberately ____________ or ____________ statements
false, deceptive
According to Herb Lovelace, "the ______________________ the PowerPoint presentation, the less _________________ the ideas being presented."
fancier, valuable
__________________ is the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
feedback
___________________ impressions are important. A poor ___________________ may so distract or alienate the listeners that the speaker can never fully recover.
first, beginning
___________________ impressions are important. A poor ___________________ may so distract or alienate the listeners that the speaker can never fully recover.
first, beginning
_________________________________ is the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes.
frame of reference
no matter what the situation, a persuasive speech will be more effective if the speaker has a clear ____________, delivers the message ____________ and ____________ it to the target audience.
goal, sincerely, adapts
A ____________________________ briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
good notetaker
________________ is a physiological process, involving the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses from the inner ear to the central auditory system in the brain.
hearing
_________________________ describes the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
imagery
when your goal is ____________, you want to do more than get your listeners to nod their heads in agreement; you want to motivate them to ____________.
immediate action, action
An ______________________ speech is delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
impromptu
___________________________ occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people.
incremental plagiarism
An __________ is designed to convey knowledge and understanding
informative speech
identify the three types of credibility:
initial, derived, terminal
(ON FINAL) _______________________________ is anything that impedes the communication of a message. It can be _________________________ or ____________________.
interference, external, internal
You will also need to identify your ___________________ sources. It is not enough to say "As I found _________________________" or "According to _____________________."
internet, on the web, the internet
A good __________________________________ will get your speech off to a strong start. To be most effective, it should ______________________________ to the audience and be delivered with a minimum of _________________________________________________.
introduction, relate the topic, notes
A good __________________________________ will get your speech off to a strong start. To be most effective, it should ______________________________ to the audience and be delivered with a minimum of _________________________________________________.
introduction, relate, notes
List three tips for preparing your main points: ___________________________________, __________________________________, _____________________________________.
keep main points separate, use same pattern of wording for main points, balance amount of time for each point
List three tips for preparing your main points: ___________________________________, __________________________________, _____________________________________.
keep them separate, use the same pattern for wording, balance amount of time
________________ involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
listening
Research confirms that __________ carefully and taking effective ____________are vital skills for success in college and will also benefit you in countless situations throughout life.
listening, notes
____________ is the name given by Aristotle for logical appeals.
logos
The _________________ are the central features of your speech. You should select them _____________, phrase them ____________, and arrange them ______________.
main points, carefully, precisely, strategically
The ___________________________ are the central features of your speech. You should select them __________________, phrase them ______________________, and arrange them ______________________________.
main points, carefully, precisely, strategically
Rather than trying to remember everything a speaker says, efficient listeners usually concentrate on __________________________ and ________________________.
mainpoints, evidence
There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: (1) ________________________, (2) ___________________________________________, (3) _____________________________, (4) ___________________________________.
manuscript, memory, impromptu, extemporaneously
Close to ___________ of class time in U.S. colleges and universities is spent __________________ to discussions and lectures.
most, listening
(ON FINAL) whenever you discuss a question of policy, you will face 3 basic questions---- ____________, ____________, and ____________.
need, plan, practicality
The situation for an informative speech is _____________________________, while the situation for a persuasive speech on a question of fact is __________________________.
nonpartisan, partisan
____________________________ is communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.
nonverbal communication
When done properly, ________________________________ is a surefire way to improve your concentration and keep track of a speaker's ideas.
note-taking
List the nine types of visual aides listed in the chapter: _______________, _____________, ____________________, __________________, _______________, ________________, ___________________, ___________, ________________________.
objects, models, photographs, drawings, graphs, charts, videos, speakers, powerpoint
List the 4 types of informative speeches focused on in the textbook
objects, processes, events, concepts
Informative speeches about ____________ often call for ____________.
objects, visual aids
List the four things to consider in using language appropriately: _____________________, ____________________, __________________, _________________________________.
occasion, audience, topic, speaker
regardless of the situation, informative speakers work to ____________ their ideas effectively and to explain them in ____________ ,____________ language that is appropriate for their listener's knowledge
organize, clear, nontechnical
List the four similarities between public speaking and conversation: __________________ __________________________, ______________________________________________, ________________________________, ________________________________________.
organizing your thoughts logically, tailoring your message to audience, telling story for maximum impact, adapting to listener feedback
Developing an ______________________________ helps ensure that the structure of your speech is clear and coherent.
outline
___________________ is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
parallelism
Persuasion speeches on questions of policy are given whenever people debate specific course of action. Such speeches can seek ____________ or ____________.
passive agreement, immediate action
___________________________ occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.
patch work plagiarism
____________ is the name used by Aristotle to refer to emotional appeals
pathos
List four things to consider regarding the speaker's body: _________________________, _____________________, ______________________, __________________________.
personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact
____________ involves any movement by a listener from left to right on the scale, no matter where the listener begins and no matter how great or small the movement
persuasion
____________is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
persuasion
of all kinds of public speaking, ____________ is the most complex and the most challenging
persuasion
___________________________ is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own.
plagiarism
To ____________________ means to present another person's ___________ or ________ as your own—to give the impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone else.
plagiarize, ideas, words
You need to ______________________________ a speech thoroughly before delivering it.
practice
Do not let _________________________ or ______________________ feelings about a speaker's appearance or delivery keep you from listening to the message.
preconceived judgement
List the six guidelines for preparing visual aides: _________________________________, _______________________, ________________________________________________, _______________________, _______________________, ________________________.
prepare in advance, keep them simple, make sure they're large enough, limit text, use effective font, color and images effectively
No matter what kind of visual aide you choose, be sure to employ it when you _________.
present
_________________________________ is a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.
preview statement
_________________________________ is a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.
preview statement
List the three differences between public speaking and conversation __________________ ________________________________________, ________________________________ _____________________, ___________________________________________________
public speaking is more highly structured, requires more formal language, requires a different delivery method
a persuasive speech on a _______________ looks at whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
question of policy
The _________________________________ session is a common part of public speaking.
question-and-answer
a persuasive speech on ____________________ looks at the worth, rightness, morality, and so fourth of an idea.
questions of value
As you research your topic, keep an eye out for __________________________________, ________________________, and _________________________________________ you can use to craft an introduction that will capture the attention of your listeners.
quotations, stories, other materials
As you research your topic, keep an eye out for __________________________________, ________________________, and _________________________________________ you can use to craft an introduction that will capture the attention of your listeners.
quotations, stories, other materials
The best ___________________________ depends partly on the _________________ the speaker wants to create.
rate of speech, mood
____________ is the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.
reasoning
List six ways to gain the audience's attention and interest: _________________________, _____________________________, __________________________________________, _____________________, _________________________, ________________________.
referring to occasion, inviting audience participation, using audio, visual aids, relating to previous speaker, begin with humor
List six ways to gain the audience's attention and interest: _________________________, _____________________________, __________________________________________, _____________________, _________________________, ________________________.
relate topic to audience, state its importance, startle the audience, arouse curiosity, question the audience, begin with a question
List the eight parts of a speaker's voice __________, _________, ______, _______, __________________, _______________, ______________, _________________.
volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect
Listeners, unlike readers, cannot turn to a dictionary or __________________________ an author's words to discover their meaning. A speaker's meaning must be _______________ comprehensible; it must be so ____________ that there is no chance of _______________.
reread, immediately, clear, misunderstanding
______________________ is the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
rhythm
______________________ are a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
signpost
_____________________ are a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
signposts
_____________________________ is the difference between the rate at which most people talk ( _______ to _________ words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language ( ________ to _________ words a minute).
spare "brain time", 120 to 150, 400 to 800
(ON FINAL) Regardless of the kind of speech communication, there are seven elements—___________, __________, __________, __________, ______________, ___________, _____________.
speaker, situation, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference
A ______________________ is a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.
speaking outline
whenever you give a speech on a question of values, be sure to give special thought to the ____________ for your ____________.
standards, value judgement
___________ is putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
strategic organization
START OF STUDY GUIDE 2 __________________________ is putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
strategic organizing
___________________________________ are materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major types of supporting materials are ________________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________________.
supporting materials, examples, statistics, testimonies
___________________________________ are materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major types of supporting materials are ________________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________________.
supporting materials, examples, statistics, testimony
regardless of how you organize your persuasive speech, you will need strong ____________. The better your ____________, the more convincing your arguments are likely to be.
supporting materials, research
Even when discussing __________________________ subjects, effective speakers look for ways to communicate their ideas in _____________, _____________ language.
technical, clear, familiar
__________________________________ is an excellent way to gain attention in a speech introduction. The ________________ should be clearly ______________________ to the topic and should be delivered ______________________ with strong eye contact.
telling a story, story, relevant, expressively
_______________________ is a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker's has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
transition
_________________________ is a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker's has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
transitions
by age 20, the average American is exposed to 1 million ____________.
tv commercials
While a 30-second ____________________ can illustrate your ideas in a memorable way, anything much longer will _________________________ attention from the speech itself.
video, distract
______________________ are changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice ___________________ and ______________________________.
vocal variety, variety, expressiveness
persuasion is something the speaker does ____________ the audience.
with