PUB COMM - Final Exam, Paulin

Most speeches contain from ___________________ to __________________ main points.

2, 5

Using language __________________ is as vital to a speakers as using numbers accurately is to an accountant.

accurately

List the six strategies for dealing with nervousness: _______________________________, ________________________, ___________________, ____________________________, ____________________________________, ____________________________________.

acquire experience, prepare, think positive, use power of visualization, remember nervousness is not visible, don't expect perfection

__________________________________________ means giving your undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

active listening

When you speak to persuade, you act as an ____________.

advocate

__________________ is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

antithesis

_________________________ is listening for pleasure or enjoyment, as when we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.

appreciative

List the seven guidelines for presenting visual aides: ______________________________, ______________________________, _________________________________________, ______________________________, _________________________________________, ______________________________, _________________________________________.

avoid passing around, display only when discussing, explain clearly and concisely, talk to audience, practice, check room and equipment

If you are using PowerPoint, always bring a __________________________ of your slides.

backup

One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is using ____________, _____________ words where _______________, _________________ ones will do the job better.

big, bloated, short, sharp

the ________________________ is the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

burden of proof

List five ways to order your main points: _______________________________________, _________________________________, ______________________________________, _________________________________, ______________________________________.

chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solution, topical

List five ways to order your main points: ______________, ____________, _____________, ______________, and _____________.

chronological, spatial, casual, problem-solving, topical

Whenever you ___________ someone directly, you must attribute the words to that person.

cite

Research studies confirm that ___________________________ is vital to effective public speaking. Listeners must be able to follow the ________________________ of ideas in a speech from _______________________ to ____________________.

clear organization, progression, beginning to end

Research studies confirm that ________________ is vital to effective public speaking. Listeners must be able to follow the ______________ of ideas in a speech from ______________ to _________.

clear organization, progression, beginning, end

informative speakers work on communicating their ideas in _________ &____________ language

clear, nontechnical

In the process of gaining attention, be sure to ______________________________ of your speech. If you do not, your listeners will be _____________________________ and your chances of getting them absorbed in the speech are almost __________________.

clearly state the topic, confused, nil

In the process of gaining attention, be sure to ______________________________ of your speech. If you do not, your listeners will be _____________________________ and your chances of getting them absorbed in the speech are almost __________________.

clearly state the topic, confused, nil

_________________________ describes discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

clutter

The main points of a speech should be organized to ____________________________ the speaker's message. __________________________________ would work very well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore.

communicate, chronological

The main points of a speech should be organized to ____________________________ the speaker's message. __________________________________ would work very well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore.

communicate, chronological

____________ states the similarities among 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc.

comparison

_________________________ is listening to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend's house.

comprehensive

The _________________________________ is your last chance to drive home your ideas

conclusion

The _________________________________ is your last chance to drive home your ideas.

conclusion

___________ words refer to tangible objects, __________ words refer to ideas of concepts.

concrete, abstract

_________________________ are a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

connective

_________________________ are a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

connectives

_______________________________________________ is more variable, figurative, and subjective. Its meaning is suggested by the associations or __________________ triggered by a word or phrase.

connotative, emotions

____________ states the differences among 2 or more people, events, ideas, etc.

contrast

Listeners also have ethical obligations. They are (1) _______________________________ _____________________; (2) ________________________________________________; (3) ______________________________________________________________________.

courteous/attentive, avoid prejudgement of speaker, maintain free and open expression

_______________________________________________ is the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

credibility

_______________________________________________ is the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

credibility

A ____________________________________ is a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

crescendo ending

_________________________ is listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer, the campaign speech of a political candidate, or the closing arguments of an attorney in a jury trial.

critical

______________________________ often hand written notes on a speakers outline giving them directions on how to deliver key parts of the speech.

delivery cues

Words have two kinds of meanings—_________________ and _____________________

denotative, connotative

_______________________________________________________ is precise, literal, and objective. It is the literal or __________________ meaning of a word or phrase.

denotative, dictionary

A ____________________________________ is a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

dissolve ending

the 5 guidelines for informative speaking are:

don't overestimate what the audience knows, relate the subject directly, don't be too technical, avoid abstractions, personalize your ideas and be creative

_________________________ is listening to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress.

empathetic

Besides getting attention and revealing the topic, there is a third objective you may need to accomplish in your introduction—____________________________________________.

establish your credibility and goodwill

Besides getting attention and revealing the topic, there is a third objective you may need to accomplish in your introduction—____________________________________________.

establishing credibility

____ is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

ethics

_______________________________ is the belief that our own group or culture—whatever it may be—is superior to all other groups or cultures.

ethnocentrism

Credibility, which Aristotle identified as ____________, is affected by two factors: ____________ and ____________.

ethos, competence, character

____________ is supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

evidence

_______________________ speeches are prepared ahead of time, but the _____________ words are chosen at the moment of presentation. This allows for more ________________ delivery than does reading form a ___________________________.

extemporaneous, exact, direct, manuscript

many questions of ____________ cannot be answered because we do not have enough information, but this does not stop people from ____________.

fact, speculating

a ____________ is an error in reasoning.

fallacy

There is no place n ethical speechmaking for deliberately ____________ or ____________ statements

false, deceptive

According to Herb Lovelace, "the ______________________ the PowerPoint presentation, the less _________________ the ideas being presented."

fancier, valuable

__________________ is the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.

feedback

___________________ impressions are important. A poor ___________________ may so distract or alienate the listeners that the speaker can never fully recover.

first, beginning

___________________ impressions are important. A poor ___________________ may so distract or alienate the listeners that the speaker can never fully recover.

first, beginning

_________________________________ is the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes.

frame of reference

no matter what the situation, a persuasive speech will be more effective if the speaker has a clear ____________, delivers the message ____________ and ____________ it to the target audience.

goal, sincerely, adapts

A ____________________________ briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

good notetaker

________________ is a physiological process, involving the vibration of sound waves on our eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses from the inner ear to the central auditory system in the brain.

hearing

_________________________ describes the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.

imagery

when your goal is ____________, you want to do more than get your listeners to nod their heads in agreement; you want to motivate them to ____________.

immediate action, action

An ______________________ speech is delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

impromptu

___________________________ occurs when the speaker fails to give credit for particular parts—increments—of the speech that are borrowed from other people.

incremental plagiarism

An __________ is designed to convey knowledge and understanding

informative speech

identify the three types of credibility:

initial, derived, terminal

(ON FINAL) _______________________________ is anything that impedes the communication of a message. It can be _________________________ or ____________________.

interference, external, internal

You will also need to identify your ___________________ sources. It is not enough to say "As I found _________________________" or "According to _____________________."

internet, on the web, the internet

A good __________________________________ will get your speech off to a strong start. To be most effective, it should ______________________________ to the audience and be delivered with a minimum of _________________________________________________.

introduction, relate the topic, notes

A good __________________________________ will get your speech off to a strong start. To be most effective, it should ______________________________ to the audience and be delivered with a minimum of _________________________________________________.

introduction, relate, notes

List three tips for preparing your main points: ___________________________________, __________________________________, _____________________________________.

keep main points separate, use same pattern of wording for main points, balance amount of time for each point

List three tips for preparing your main points: ___________________________________, __________________________________, _____________________________________.

keep them separate, use the same pattern for wording, balance amount of time

________________ involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

listening

Research confirms that __________ carefully and taking effective ____________are vital skills for success in college and will also benefit you in countless situations throughout life.

listening, notes

____________ is the name given by Aristotle for logical appeals.

logos

The _________________ are the central features of your speech. You should select them _____________, phrase them ____________, and arrange them ______________.

main points, carefully, precisely, strategically

The ___________________________ are the central features of your speech. You should select them __________________, phrase them ______________________, and arrange them ______________________________.

main points, carefully, precisely, strategically

Rather than trying to remember everything a speaker says, efficient listeners usually concentrate on __________________________ and ________________________.

mainpoints, evidence

There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: (1) ________________________, (2) ___________________________________________, (3) _____________________________, (4) ___________________________________.

manuscript, memory, impromptu, extemporaneously

Close to ___________ of class time in U.S. colleges and universities is spent __________________ to discussions and lectures.

most, listening

(ON FINAL) whenever you discuss a question of policy, you will face 3 basic questions---- ____________, ____________, and ____________.

need, plan, practicality

The situation for an informative speech is _____________________________, while the situation for a persuasive speech on a question of fact is __________________________.

nonpartisan, partisan

____________________________ is communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

nonverbal communication

When done properly, ________________________________ is a surefire way to improve your concentration and keep track of a speaker's ideas.

note-taking

List the nine types of visual aides listed in the chapter: _______________, _____________, ____________________, __________________, _______________, ________________, ___________________, ___________, ________________________.

objects, models, photographs, drawings, graphs, charts, videos, speakers, powerpoint

List the 4 types of informative speeches focused on in the textbook

objects, processes, events, concepts

Informative speeches about ____________ often call for ____________.

objects, visual aids

List the four things to consider in using language appropriately: _____________________, ____________________, __________________, _________________________________.

occasion, audience, topic, speaker

regardless of the situation, informative speakers work to ____________ their ideas effectively and to explain them in ____________ ,____________ language that is appropriate for their listener's knowledge

organize, clear, nontechnical

List the four similarities between public speaking and conversation: __________________ __________________________, ______________________________________________, ________________________________, ________________________________________.

organizing your thoughts logically, tailoring your message to audience, telling story for maximum impact, adapting to listener feedback

Developing an ______________________________ helps ensure that the structure of your speech is clear and coherent.

outline

___________________ is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

parallelism

Persuasion speeches on questions of policy are given whenever people debate specific course of action. Such speeches can seek ____________ or ____________.

passive agreement, immediate action

___________________________ occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.

patch work plagiarism

____________ is the name used by Aristotle to refer to emotional appeals

pathos

List four things to consider regarding the speaker's body: _________________________, _____________________, ______________________, __________________________.

personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

____________ involves any movement by a listener from left to right on the scale, no matter where the listener begins and no matter how great or small the movement

persuasion

____________is the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

persuasion

of all kinds of public speaking, ____________ is the most complex and the most challenging

persuasion

___________________________ is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own.

plagiarism

To ____________________ means to present another person's ___________ or ________ as your own—to give the impression you have written or thought something yourself when you have actually taken it from someone else.

plagiarize, ideas, words

You need to ______________________________ a speech thoroughly before delivering it.

practice

Do not let _________________________ or ______________________ feelings about a speaker's appearance or delivery keep you from listening to the message.

preconceived judgement

List the six guidelines for preparing visual aides: _________________________________, _______________________, ________________________________________________, _______________________, _______________________, ________________________.

prepare in advance, keep them simple, make sure they're large enough, limit text, use effective font, color and images effectively

No matter what kind of visual aide you choose, be sure to employ it when you _________.

present

_________________________________ is a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

preview statement

_________________________________ is a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

preview statement

List the three differences between public speaking and conversation __________________ ________________________________________, ________________________________ _____________________, ___________________________________________________

public speaking is more highly structured, requires more formal language, requires a different delivery method

a persuasive speech on a _______________ looks at whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

question of policy

The _________________________________ session is a common part of public speaking.

question-and-answer

a persuasive speech on ____________________ looks at the worth, rightness, morality, and so fourth of an idea.

questions of value

As you research your topic, keep an eye out for __________________________________, ________________________, and _________________________________________ you can use to craft an introduction that will capture the attention of your listeners.

quotations, stories, other materials

As you research your topic, keep an eye out for __________________________________, ________________________, and _________________________________________ you can use to craft an introduction that will capture the attention of your listeners.

quotations, stories, other materials

The best ___________________________ depends partly on the _________________ the speaker wants to create.

rate of speech, mood

____________ is the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

reasoning

List six ways to gain the audience's attention and interest: _________________________, _____________________________, __________________________________________, _____________________, _________________________, ________________________.

referring to occasion, inviting audience participation, using audio, visual aids, relating to previous speaker, begin with humor

List six ways to gain the audience's attention and interest: _________________________, _____________________________, __________________________________________, _____________________, _________________________, ________________________.

relate topic to audience, state its importance, startle the audience, arouse curiosity, question the audience, begin with a question

List the eight parts of a speaker's voice __________, _________, ______, _______, __________________, _______________, ______________, _________________.

volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, dialect

Listeners, unlike readers, cannot turn to a dictionary or __________________________ an author's words to discover their meaning. A speaker's meaning must be _______________ comprehensible; it must be so ____________ that there is no chance of _______________.

reread, immediately, clear, misunderstanding

______________________ is the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

rhythm

______________________ are a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

signpost

_____________________ are a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

signposts

_____________________________ is the difference between the rate at which most people talk ( _______ to _________ words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language ( ________ to _________ words a minute).

spare "brain time", 120 to 150, 400 to 800

(ON FINAL) Regardless of the kind of speech communication, there are seven elements—___________, __________, __________, __________, ______________, ___________, _____________.

speaker, situation, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference

A ______________________ is a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

speaking outline

whenever you give a speech on a question of values, be sure to give special thought to the ____________ for your ____________.

standards, value judgement

___________ is putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

strategic organization

START OF STUDY GUIDE 2 __________________________ is putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

strategic organizing

___________________________________ are materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major types of supporting materials are ________________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________________.

supporting materials, examples, statistics, testimonies

___________________________________ are materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major types of supporting materials are ________________________________, ______________________________, and ______________________________________.

supporting materials, examples, statistics, testimony

regardless of how you organize your persuasive speech, you will need strong ____________. The better your ____________, the more convincing your arguments are likely to be.

supporting materials, research

Even when discussing __________________________ subjects, effective speakers look for ways to communicate their ideas in _____________, _____________ language.

technical, clear, familiar

__________________________________ is an excellent way to gain attention in a speech introduction. The ________________ should be clearly ______________________ to the topic and should be delivered ______________________ with strong eye contact.

telling a story, story, relevant, expressively

_______________________ is a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker's has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

transition

_________________________ is a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker's has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

transitions

by age 20, the average American is exposed to 1 million ____________.

tv commercials

While a 30-second ____________________ can illustrate your ideas in a memorable way, anything much longer will _________________________ attention from the speech itself.

video, distract

______________________ are changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice ___________________ and ______________________________.

vocal variety, variety, expressiveness

persuasion is something the speaker does ____________ the audience.

with