Public Speaking Exam 2

Learning about audience demographics will help answer several key questions that speakers should ask, including which of the following?

"How do they feel about the topic?"

Anna is analyzing the speaking situation as she plans her presentation. What is a good question for Anna to ask herself when specifically thinking about the occasion as part of the speaking situation?

"How might the expectations of my audience affect the speech?"

You should distribute handouts

After the speech

The type of reasoning that relates a subject to something similar is called

Analogical reasoning

What is the final step in the Motivated Sequence design?

Call for action

_____ are the mind's way of ordering the world by seeking patterns within it or by supplying patterns to arrange it.

Categories

The type of reasoning that attempts to explain the cause of a particular effect is called

Causal reasoning

Ethan wants to talk about the historical developments of American jazz music, from early blues to contemporary fusion. Which speech design should he use?

Chronological

The type of design that follows events in the order in which they occurred is ______________ design

Chronological

A __________ approach to persuasion focuses on achieving a thoughtful and considerate hearing of your position.

Co-active

What statement reflects one of the primary ways in which color in a presentation aid influences audiences?

Color creates moods and impressions.

The type of design that discusses similarities or differences is ______________ design

Comparative

A disadvantage of using presentation aids is that they can ________________ listeners

Confuse

The type of reasoning that starts with a general principle or rule and draws a specific conclusion from it is called

Deductive reasoning

What is the second step in the Motivated Sequence design?

Demonstrate a need

Which of these is NOT a step to entice a reluctant listener to listen to your persuasive speech?

Emphasize argument over explanation.

We can learn from successful speakers that we must put a lot of ________________ into the presentation

Energy

The type of proof that relies on the audience's perceptions of a speaker's competence, character, good will, and dynamism is called

Ethos

Compared to other audience members, highly educated listeners tend to be much more nationalistic, ethnocentric, and closed-minded.

False

If you are dividing your material into categories, anywhere from seven to ten categories is best for most speeches.

False

It is very difficult to rig charts or graphs to deliberately misrepresent reality, so audience members can usually assume they are accurate.

False

Presentation aids need little attention, explanation, or special skills during delivery. They should be displayed and then left alone to speak for themselves.

False

Speakers in the United States should feel comfortable appealing to typical Christian values when speaking to a general audience.

False

Which of these is NOT a stage in the persuasive process?

Invitation

Which statement is TRUE about the way speakers should approach listeners?

It is absolutely necessary to adjust the message to the audience and the situation.

What is one of the primary characteristics of an effective briefing?

It is what it sounds like - "brief."

Which of these is NOT a technique for moving your audience from agreeing with you to acting on your ideas?

Let listeners form their own plan of action.

Tamara is preparing a speech about population growth in the United States over the last sixty years. What type of graphic would be best to use?

Line graph

The type of proof that uses reasoning and evidence to provide logical support for your message is called

Logos

Which type of proof is generally regarded as the most important for facilitating reasoned persuasion?

Logos

When designing and preparing a computer-generated presentation, regardless of the software used, what tip should a speaker keep in mind?

Look at your aids from the perspective of an audience member.

One of the advantages of using presentation aids is that they make a speech more

Memorable

The type of proof that is grounded in the sense of connection and identification that people feel with group traditions is called

Mythos

In discussing how to create a childproofed home, Amanda used photographs taken from a toddler's view to show potential problem areas in the typical household. Her unique perspective is an example of which method for gaining attention?

Novelty

The type proof that relies on appeals to human emotions is called

Pathos

When asked to identify what turns briefings into poor presentations, the feedback from executives representing eighteen organizations indicated that one reason was that they often involve _____.

Poor organization

What is known as the most frequently misused type of presentation aid in public speaking?

Powerpoint slides

The ____________ design first convinces listeners that there is a problem and then shows them how to deal with it.

Problem-Solution

The ______________ design is appropriate when you need to challenge other views.

Refutative

The type of design that typically presents steps in a process is ______________ design

Sequential

When preparing an infomative speech, you should first ask yourself whether your topic is _______________ enough

Significant

The type of design that develops topics within a physical setting is _______________ design

Spatial

In which type of speech design are listeners provided with a descriptive oral map that they can use to visualize what the speaker is saying?

Spatial design

As the day of the speech arrives, what should speakers do about recent events or news items that are directly related to their subject?

Their ethos can suffer if they fail to acknowledge them.

Wesley is thinking of using a flip chart for his speech, but he finds out they are not really recommended for beginners. What is the main reason flip charts are discouraged as a presentation aid in a classroom setting?

They suggest the speaker did not care enough to present a polished presentation aid.

We can learn from successful speakers that we must use __________ well

Time

Repetition of sounds and words during a speech can attract and hold audience attention. In fact, repetition is the basis of alliteration and parallel construction.

True

Sometimes an object is very rare, expensive, fragile, too large or too small - or it is just unavailable for use. In these cases, a replica will work best as a presentation aid.

True

The term speaking situation refers to the occasion for speaking as well as its physical and psychological settings.

True

The tip-off that a presentation is a speech of demonstration is often the phrase how to.

True

Isocrates believed that persuasion elevates us above

Wild beasts

To motivate listeners, you must tell them why

Your message is important to them

Persuasion is defined as

a conscious attempt to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, and sometimes the actions of listeners.

A persuasive argument may be defined as

a disputed proposition supported with reasoning and evidence

The ___________ fallacy occurs when speakers attack the character or motives of their opponent rather than discussing the issues.

ad hominem

Alexandria is expected to prepare a presentation with a causation design to explain results of her investigative research on an unsolved crime. This means that her speech will need to _____.

address the origins or consequences of the situation

Three types of persuasive speeches are speeches that focus on facts, speeches that emphasize attitudes and values, and speeches that

advocate action and policy

Inductive reasoning begins with _____.

an examination of the details

Your textbook lists eight ways that persuasive speaking differs from informative speaking. One of them is that persuasion

asks for strong audience commitment

Larissa wants to know how her sorority sisters would rate campus police before she finalizes a speech on campus security to be presented at their regional meeting. What should Larissa rely on to learn about their attitudes and beliefs?

audience survey

In order to be ethical in your persuasion, you must

avoid name calling

The _______________ fallacy assumes that a course of action must be right or wrong based on popularity.

bandwagon

In order to be ethical in your persuasion, you must

be sure your proposal is in the best interests of your audience

Which aspect of audience dynamics involves knowledge, information, or thought based on facts and experience?

beliefs

Abraham Maslow suggested that the needs of belonging, esteem, and self-actualization _____.

cannot be satisfied until more basic needs are met

Awareness involves knowing about a problem and paying attention to it. This phase of persuasive speaking is sometimes called _____.

consciousness raising

A common error among beginning speakers is trying to

cram too much information onto a single presentation aid

Because facts are statements or assertions that can be verified, they offer __________ that can be invaluable in persuasion.

credibility

When a presentation aid is derived from an outside source, it is the best ethical option to _____.

credit the source at the bottom of the displayed material

Emma will be speaking about a national gun owner database to listeners in urban areas as well as in rural areas. Which aspect of audience demographics should Emma particularly focus on in preparing her speech?

cultural background

No matter which type of presentation aid you use as a speaker, it is suggested that you should never _____.

deliver your speech directly to the presentation aid

Keith will be giving a talk on bike safety to a group of fifth graders, but he originally wrote it for college students. Keith plans on changing his language because of the age and education level of his listeners, that is, because of audience _____.

demographics

When speaking to a diverse audience, there are four things you can do to help yourself adapt to the challenge. Which of these is NOT one of those four things?

disregard the differences in culture

By definition, a good presentation aid has four major characteristics. It is not only both simple and visible, but also both _____.

emphasize important ideas and be balanced

An either-or fallacy creates a(n) _____.

false dilemma

In order to make sure the audience understands the speaker, it is important to

frame, or define, major issues

The ___________ fallacy occurs when a conclusion is based on insufficient observations or information.

hasty generalization

Quite often, people are the most willing to concentrate and listen carefully when the speaker _____.

identifies one of their needs and shows how to fulfill it

The speaker is dynamic, knowledgeable, and convincing. The listeners are beginning to connect these newly found attitudes with their previously held beliefs and values, so there is a good chance of lasting change. The speaker has reached the _____.

integration stage

Strategies that short-circuit critical thinking and ethical persuasion by substituting flashy images, hidden motives, and outright dishonesty for substantive reasoning and use of evidence are called

manipulation

The _______________ fallacy misuses statistical averages to mislead an audience.

myth of the mean

When cultural differences exist in your audience, emphasize the use of what type of supporting material?

narratives

What should never be brought to a public speech - particularly a classroom speech - as presentation aids, no matter what the reason?

objects that are dangerous or illegal, such as weapons or drugs

What are the four major types of group affiliations that should be recognized when a speaker attempts to understand potential audience members?

occupational, political, religious, and social

Four people gave talks during the management seminar, all using computer-assisted software programs as aids. Which one chose to include a feature that is often seen as a negative rather than a positive when making a speech?

one who included spinning graphics and animated letters

Which of these audience members will be the most willing to consider new ideas and the easiest to persuade, based on recent research as well as the ancient teachings of Aristotle?

people who are in their teens

What are the five types of frequently used presentation aids?

people, objects, models, graphics, and pictures

The _____________ fallacy presumes that when one event precedes another, it must have been its cause.

post hoc

One common way that supplementary materials can be a detriment or disadvantage in public speaking is that _____.

presentation aids often put speakers at the mercy of equipment

The _____________ fallacy occurs when speakers raise irrelevant ideas and information to divert attention away from the real issues of an argument.

red herring

A ______________ fallacy assumes that once something bad happens, it will establish an irreversible trend leading to disaster.

slippery slope

Hank discovers that his audience will include many Florida residents. He knows this is a popular retirement destination, so in his speech he stresses healthy choices and lifestyles for senior citizens. Hank's decision is based on _____.

stereotyping

The _____ trivializes, distorts, or otherwise misrepresents the position of opponents so they will be easier to refute.

straw figure fallacy

The type of evidence that calls on experts to support your position is

testimony

The term preliminary tuning effect refers to a particular kind of influence on the audience. Which circumstances below demonstrate this phenomenon?

the influence of previous speeches or situational factors of the moment

Which of the three basic needs that lead to informative speaking is often the reason for the importance of speeches of demonstration?

the need to learn skills that we find helpful or enjoyable

Once a speaker has brought the issue to the attention of the audience, the next task to focus on is getting the audience to _____.

understand the nature of the problem

Which principles are most resistant to change, so they are rarely challenged by speakers?

values

The best kind of map to use as a presentation aid is one that _____.

you create specifically for the speech