Public Speaking Exam 2
Learning about audience demographics will help answer several key questions that speakers should ask, including which of the following?
"How do they feel about the topic?"
Anna is analyzing the speaking situation as she plans her presentation. What is a good question for Anna to ask herself when specifically thinking about the occasion as part of the speaking situation?
"How might the expectations of my audience affect the speech?"
You should distribute handouts
After the speech
The type of reasoning that relates a subject to something similar is called
Analogical reasoning
What is the final step in the Motivated Sequence design?
Call for action
_____ are the mind's way of ordering the world by seeking patterns within it or by supplying patterns to arrange it.
Categories
The type of reasoning that attempts to explain the cause of a particular effect is called
Causal reasoning
Ethan wants to talk about the historical developments of American jazz music, from early blues to contemporary fusion. Which speech design should he use?
Chronological
The type of design that follows events in the order in which they occurred is ______________ design
Chronological
A __________ approach to persuasion focuses on achieving a thoughtful and considerate hearing of your position.
Co-active
What statement reflects one of the primary ways in which color in a presentation aid influences audiences?
Color creates moods and impressions.
The type of design that discusses similarities or differences is ______________ design
Comparative
A disadvantage of using presentation aids is that they can ________________ listeners
Confuse
The type of reasoning that starts with a general principle or rule and draws a specific conclusion from it is called
Deductive reasoning
What is the second step in the Motivated Sequence design?
Demonstrate a need
Which of these is NOT a step to entice a reluctant listener to listen to your persuasive speech?
Emphasize argument over explanation.
We can learn from successful speakers that we must put a lot of ________________ into the presentation
Energy
The type of proof that relies on the audience's perceptions of a speaker's competence, character, good will, and dynamism is called
Ethos
Compared to other audience members, highly educated listeners tend to be much more nationalistic, ethnocentric, and closed-minded.
False
If you are dividing your material into categories, anywhere from seven to ten categories is best for most speeches.
False
It is very difficult to rig charts or graphs to deliberately misrepresent reality, so audience members can usually assume they are accurate.
False
Presentation aids need little attention, explanation, or special skills during delivery. They should be displayed and then left alone to speak for themselves.
False
Speakers in the United States should feel comfortable appealing to typical Christian values when speaking to a general audience.
False
Which of these is NOT a stage in the persuasive process?
Invitation
Which statement is TRUE about the way speakers should approach listeners?
It is absolutely necessary to adjust the message to the audience and the situation.
What is one of the primary characteristics of an effective briefing?
It is what it sounds like - "brief."
Which of these is NOT a technique for moving your audience from agreeing with you to acting on your ideas?
Let listeners form their own plan of action.
Tamara is preparing a speech about population growth in the United States over the last sixty years. What type of graphic would be best to use?
Line graph
The type of proof that uses reasoning and evidence to provide logical support for your message is called
Logos
Which type of proof is generally regarded as the most important for facilitating reasoned persuasion?
Logos
When designing and preparing a computer-generated presentation, regardless of the software used, what tip should a speaker keep in mind?
Look at your aids from the perspective of an audience member.
One of the advantages of using presentation aids is that they make a speech more
Memorable
The type of proof that is grounded in the sense of connection and identification that people feel with group traditions is called
Mythos
In discussing how to create a childproofed home, Amanda used photographs taken from a toddler's view to show potential problem areas in the typical household. Her unique perspective is an example of which method for gaining attention?
Novelty
The type proof that relies on appeals to human emotions is called
Pathos
When asked to identify what turns briefings into poor presentations, the feedback from executives representing eighteen organizations indicated that one reason was that they often involve _____.
Poor organization
What is known as the most frequently misused type of presentation aid in public speaking?
Powerpoint slides
The ____________ design first convinces listeners that there is a problem and then shows them how to deal with it.
Problem-Solution
The ______________ design is appropriate when you need to challenge other views.
Refutative
The type of design that typically presents steps in a process is ______________ design
Sequential
When preparing an infomative speech, you should first ask yourself whether your topic is _______________ enough
Significant
The type of design that develops topics within a physical setting is _______________ design
Spatial
In which type of speech design are listeners provided with a descriptive oral map that they can use to visualize what the speaker is saying?
Spatial design
As the day of the speech arrives, what should speakers do about recent events or news items that are directly related to their subject?
Their ethos can suffer if they fail to acknowledge them.
Wesley is thinking of using a flip chart for his speech, but he finds out they are not really recommended for beginners. What is the main reason flip charts are discouraged as a presentation aid in a classroom setting?
They suggest the speaker did not care enough to present a polished presentation aid.
We can learn from successful speakers that we must use __________ well
Time
Repetition of sounds and words during a speech can attract and hold audience attention. In fact, repetition is the basis of alliteration and parallel construction.
True
Sometimes an object is very rare, expensive, fragile, too large or too small - or it is just unavailable for use. In these cases, a replica will work best as a presentation aid.
True
The term speaking situation refers to the occasion for speaking as well as its physical and psychological settings.
True
The tip-off that a presentation is a speech of demonstration is often the phrase how to.
True
Isocrates believed that persuasion elevates us above
Wild beasts
To motivate listeners, you must tell them why
Your message is important to them
Persuasion is defined as
a conscious attempt to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, and sometimes the actions of listeners.
A persuasive argument may be defined as
a disputed proposition supported with reasoning and evidence
The ___________ fallacy occurs when speakers attack the character or motives of their opponent rather than discussing the issues.
ad hominem
Alexandria is expected to prepare a presentation with a causation design to explain results of her investigative research on an unsolved crime. This means that her speech will need to _____.
address the origins or consequences of the situation
Three types of persuasive speeches are speeches that focus on facts, speeches that emphasize attitudes and values, and speeches that
advocate action and policy
Inductive reasoning begins with _____.
an examination of the details
Your textbook lists eight ways that persuasive speaking differs from informative speaking. One of them is that persuasion
asks for strong audience commitment
Larissa wants to know how her sorority sisters would rate campus police before she finalizes a speech on campus security to be presented at their regional meeting. What should Larissa rely on to learn about their attitudes and beliefs?
audience survey
In order to be ethical in your persuasion, you must
avoid name calling
The _______________ fallacy assumes that a course of action must be right or wrong based on popularity.
bandwagon
In order to be ethical in your persuasion, you must
be sure your proposal is in the best interests of your audience
Which aspect of audience dynamics involves knowledge, information, or thought based on facts and experience?
beliefs
Abraham Maslow suggested that the needs of belonging, esteem, and self-actualization _____.
cannot be satisfied until more basic needs are met
Awareness involves knowing about a problem and paying attention to it. This phase of persuasive speaking is sometimes called _____.
consciousness raising
A common error among beginning speakers is trying to
cram too much information onto a single presentation aid
Because facts are statements or assertions that can be verified, they offer __________ that can be invaluable in persuasion.
credibility
When a presentation aid is derived from an outside source, it is the best ethical option to _____.
credit the source at the bottom of the displayed material
Emma will be speaking about a national gun owner database to listeners in urban areas as well as in rural areas. Which aspect of audience demographics should Emma particularly focus on in preparing her speech?
cultural background
No matter which type of presentation aid you use as a speaker, it is suggested that you should never _____.
deliver your speech directly to the presentation aid
Keith will be giving a talk on bike safety to a group of fifth graders, but he originally wrote it for college students. Keith plans on changing his language because of the age and education level of his listeners, that is, because of audience _____.
demographics
When speaking to a diverse audience, there are four things you can do to help yourself adapt to the challenge. Which of these is NOT one of those four things?
disregard the differences in culture
By definition, a good presentation aid has four major characteristics. It is not only both simple and visible, but also both _____.
emphasize important ideas and be balanced
An either-or fallacy creates a(n) _____.
false dilemma
In order to make sure the audience understands the speaker, it is important to
frame, or define, major issues
The ___________ fallacy occurs when a conclusion is based on insufficient observations or information.
hasty generalization
Quite often, people are the most willing to concentrate and listen carefully when the speaker _____.
identifies one of their needs and shows how to fulfill it
The speaker is dynamic, knowledgeable, and convincing. The listeners are beginning to connect these newly found attitudes with their previously held beliefs and values, so there is a good chance of lasting change. The speaker has reached the _____.
integration stage
Strategies that short-circuit critical thinking and ethical persuasion by substituting flashy images, hidden motives, and outright dishonesty for substantive reasoning and use of evidence are called
manipulation
The _______________ fallacy misuses statistical averages to mislead an audience.
myth of the mean
When cultural differences exist in your audience, emphasize the use of what type of supporting material?
narratives
What should never be brought to a public speech - particularly a classroom speech - as presentation aids, no matter what the reason?
objects that are dangerous or illegal, such as weapons or drugs
What are the four major types of group affiliations that should be recognized when a speaker attempts to understand potential audience members?
occupational, political, religious, and social
Four people gave talks during the management seminar, all using computer-assisted software programs as aids. Which one chose to include a feature that is often seen as a negative rather than a positive when making a speech?
one who included spinning graphics and animated letters
Which of these audience members will be the most willing to consider new ideas and the easiest to persuade, based on recent research as well as the ancient teachings of Aristotle?
people who are in their teens
What are the five types of frequently used presentation aids?
people, objects, models, graphics, and pictures
The _____________ fallacy presumes that when one event precedes another, it must have been its cause.
post hoc
One common way that supplementary materials can be a detriment or disadvantage in public speaking is that _____.
presentation aids often put speakers at the mercy of equipment
The _____________ fallacy occurs when speakers raise irrelevant ideas and information to divert attention away from the real issues of an argument.
red herring
A ______________ fallacy assumes that once something bad happens, it will establish an irreversible trend leading to disaster.
slippery slope
Hank discovers that his audience will include many Florida residents. He knows this is a popular retirement destination, so in his speech he stresses healthy choices and lifestyles for senior citizens. Hank's decision is based on _____.
stereotyping
The _____ trivializes, distorts, or otherwise misrepresents the position of opponents so they will be easier to refute.
straw figure fallacy
The type of evidence that calls on experts to support your position is
testimony
The term preliminary tuning effect refers to a particular kind of influence on the audience. Which circumstances below demonstrate this phenomenon?
the influence of previous speeches or situational factors of the moment
Which of the three basic needs that lead to informative speaking is often the reason for the importance of speeches of demonstration?
the need to learn skills that we find helpful or enjoyable
Once a speaker has brought the issue to the attention of the audience, the next task to focus on is getting the audience to _____.
understand the nature of the problem
Which principles are most resistant to change, so they are rarely challenged by speakers?
values
The best kind of map to use as a presentation aid is one that _____.
you create specifically for the speech