Public Speaking Final Exam

competence and character

The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility

How to avoid logical fallacies

Using good reasoning, proper support, addressing relevant aspects, not making claims that are so strong or sweeping that you can't support them

passive agreement or immediate action

What you seek from the audience during a persuasive speech on a question of policy

Hasty Generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

False Cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

implied leader

a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality

emergent leader

a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations

problem-cause-solution

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

designated leader

a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

speech of acceptance

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

speech of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

speech of presentation

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

when speaking to a skeptical audience

address the reasons for their skeptics

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

logical fallacy

an error in reasoning

logical reasoning

building an argument that is based on reasons supported by evidence, doesn't have errors

Comparative Speech

each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

strategies to boost credibility

explain competence, establish common ground, deliver speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

Types of leaders

implied, emergent, designated

Three types of credibility

initial, derived, terminal

Speaking to persuade

intended to convince the audience to adopt the belief or opinion of the speaker

persuasive speech on a question of value

justify your judgement against some identifiable standards to the audience

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

credibility is important

so that the audience believes you

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

Slippery Slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

either/or fallacy

A person provides only two possible options or sides, without considering all other possible choices.

partisan

A speech based on a question of fact is; an informative speech is not

speak to persuade

Creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs' or actions

considerations when planning speech of introduction

Demographics, purpose, type of occasion, tell the audience what they want to hear

Speeches for special occasions

Introduction, presentation, acceptance, commemorative

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. It is tailor made for policy speeches that seek immediate action

reflective-thinking method

Most common decision making process used by problem-solving small groups

Ethical Considerations

Passing ideas off as fact, forcing an argument

Most challenging speech

Persuasive speaking, you sometimes have to deal with controversial topics and audience analysis becomes more demanding

Patterns of persuasive organization

Problem-cause-solution and comparative

The three types of questions that give rise to persuasive speeches

Question of Fact, Question of Value, Question of Policy

Different Types of reasoning for a Persuasive Speech

Reasoning from specific instances, reasoning from principle, causal reasoning, analogical reasoning

appropriate behavior during speech of acceptance

Thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it