Public Speaking Final Exam
competence and character
The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility
How to avoid logical fallacies
Using good reasoning, proper support, addressing relevant aspects, not making claims that are so strong or sweeping that you can't support them
passive agreement or immediate action
What you seek from the audience during a persuasive speech on a question of policy
Hasty Generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
False Cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
appeal to novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
appeal to tradition
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
implied leader
a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality
emergent leader
a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations
problem-cause-solution
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
designated leader
a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed
question of fact
a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
question of value
a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
question of policy
a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
speech of acceptance
a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
speech of introduction
a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
commemorative speech
a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
speech of presentation
a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
when speaking to a skeptical audience
address the reasons for their skeptics
invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
logical fallacy
an error in reasoning
logical reasoning
building an argument that is based on reasons supported by evidence, doesn't have errors
Comparative Speech
each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions
strategies to boost credibility
explain competence, establish common ground, deliver speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction
Types of leaders
implied, emergent, designated
Three types of credibility
initial, derived, terminal
Speaking to persuade
intended to convince the audience to adopt the belief or opinion of the speaker
persuasive speech on a question of value
justify your judgement against some identifiable standards to the audience
analogical reasoning
reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second
reasoning from principle
reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
credibility is important
so that the audience believes you
terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
target audience
the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
Steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence
1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
Slippery Slope
A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Red Herring
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Bandwagon
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
either/or fallacy
A person provides only two possible options or sides, without considering all other possible choices.
partisan
A speech based on a question of fact is; an informative speech is not
speak to persuade
Creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs' or actions
considerations when planning speech of introduction
Demographics, purpose, type of occasion, tell the audience what they want to hear
Speeches for special occasions
Introduction, presentation, acceptance, commemorative
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. It is tailor made for policy speeches that seek immediate action
reflective-thinking method
Most common decision making process used by problem-solving small groups
Ethical Considerations
Passing ideas off as fact, forcing an argument
Most challenging speech
Persuasive speaking, you sometimes have to deal with controversial topics and audience analysis becomes more demanding
Patterns of persuasive organization
Problem-cause-solution and comparative
The three types of questions that give rise to persuasive speeches
Question of Fact, Question of Value, Question of Policy
Different Types of reasoning for a Persuasive Speech
Reasoning from specific instances, reasoning from principle, causal reasoning, analogical reasoning
appropriate behavior during speech of acceptance
Thank the people who are bestowing the award and recognize the people who helped you gain it