Public Speaking Final

evidence (explained)

- offer secondary sources (external evidence) -offer speaker expertise -offer evidence that appeals to audience needs and motivations

List 3 great ways to help control speaker apprehension/speech anxiety:

-Use visualization. -Prepare and practice in front of the mirror and in front of people. -Make sure to control your breathing and slow it down. Breathe through your stomach. Take deep, not shallow, breaths.

Constructing a Persuasive Speech

-argument= stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue 1.) the claim- aka proposition states speaks conclusion about some state of affairs 2.) the evidence- substantiates the claim 3.) the warrant- provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim

claims of value

-cenaddress issues of judgement argue claims of value to show something is right/wrong, good/bad, worthy/unworthy

principles of simplicity and continuity

-concentrate on presenting one major idea per visual aid -apply design decisions consistently to each aid -use type that is large enough for audience members to read comfortably -check that the colors contrast rather than clash

tips for using presentation software

-don't let technology get in the way of relating to your audience -talk to your audience rather than to the screen -maintain eye contact as much as possible -have a backup plan in case of technical errors -if you use pointer turn it off and put it down as soon as you have made your point -incorporate the aids into you practice sessions

appeal to audience attitudes, beliefs, and values

-investigated audience members' attitudes, beliefs, and values toward your topic -assessed the audience's level of knowledge about the topic -considered strategies to address positive, negative and neutral responses to your speech topic -considered appealing directly to audience's attitudes and values

Conclusion

-sum of main points -clear concluding statement

Identify and describe the different components of the rhetorical situation (what a speaker should think about before giving his or her speech). Why are these components important to consider?

-the consideration of the audience, the occasion, and the overall speech context when planning a speech -maintain an audience-centered perspective by keeping the needs, values, wants, and demographics of audience in mind -Next, the speaker must know of the speech's occasion because it can determine the whole speech's tone, language, and delivery. -Lastly, the speaker must know the speech's context/specific speech purpose in order to give a clear delivery with this focus in mind. The speech's context is what the speaker wants the audience to do or learn as a result and is the whole motive behind giving the speech in the first place. -These components are important to be considered because without them the speech would have no clear base of who, where ,when, and why. .

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

Intro

ACARP

Brutus Beefcake was giving a speech that depended on technical formulas and elaborate diagrams. He constantly had to keep going back over ideas. His speech failed because he did not think about ___________________ when choosing his topic.

Appropriateness of Oral Delivery

Why is audience analysis important? Why is it important for a speaker to adapt to the audience's psychology? Also, how should our speech change if the audience is negatively disposed toward the topic?

Audience analysis is important because it is the first step in preparing a speech. Knowing an audience's interests, demographics, needs, and opinions is important because you have to take these characteristics into account as you select a topic and draft the speech, focusing on ways you can relate it meaningfully to this particular audience. It is important for the speaker to adapt to the audience's psychology because their attitudes, beliefs, and values, while intertwined, reflect distinct mental states that reveal a great deal about them. Evoking some combination of the audience's values, attitudes, and beliefs in your speech will give you "ethos" , because your delivery will be more personally relevant and motivating. If the audience is negatively disposed towards the topic, focus on establishing rapport and credibility. Don't directly challenge listeners' attitudes; instead begin with areas of agreement. Discover why they have a negative bias in order to tactfully introduce the other side of the argument. Offer solid evidence from sources they are likely to accept. Give good reads for developing a positive attitude toward the topic.

Psychographics

Audience's feelings and opinions

Which of the following is a bad idea if you want to give a successful informative speech?

Avoiding abstractions

Which in-depth informative strategy not only allows the audience to know about the facts about an event, but the significance and background of the event as well?

Explaining

What sentence best describes the relationship between hearing and listening?

Hearing comes naturally while listening is an acquired skill

structure of speech

I. Intro II.Body III. Conclusion

Which of the following sentences represents the BEST way to cite a source?

In a 2010 interview with Popular Mechanic, computer expert Jack Dahl said...

What does it mean if your audience is considered to be heterogeneous?

The audience members are rather diverse and dissimilar.

dentify and describe 3 separate language strategies one can use to achieve effective oral style? Why are using these strategies important?

The three language strategies one uses to achieve effective oral style are to strive for simplicity, make frequent use of repetition, and use personal pronouns. To strive for simplicity means to express yourself simply, without pretentious language or jargon. Us Making frequent use of repetition is important because it helps to compensate for the audience's mental lapses and reinforce information they may have previously missed. It is important to repeat key words and phrases that the audience can remember, like how you use your black mamba reference. Repetition will add emphasis to important ideas, and improves your speech's language. Lastly, using personal pronouns in your oral style helps to make the audience feel recognized and like the topic relates directly to them. Using words like we, us, and I creates this feeling of recognition and inclusion, which builds the speaker's ethos. These three strategies are important because words are like the speaker's tools of trade, and play a crucial role in the connection between the speaker and the audience. The right words help the listeners understand, believe in, and retain the speaker's message. bv

logical fallacy

a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

a model of persuasion maintaining that there are two different routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route -central processing - seriously consider what your message means to them and are most likely to act on it -peripheral processing- when audience members lack motivation or ability to judge your argument based on its merits -they are not motivated because you do not appeal to them

Refutation Pattern

addresses each main point and then refutes an opposing claim to your position

"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country," is an example of which type of rhetorical device used to leave a lasting impression on the audience.

antithesis

foot-in-the-door technique

asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

foot in the mouth technique

by getting people to answer a simple initial question, you can raise the probability that they'll comply with a subsequent request

What organizational pattern is reflected in the following main points? I. Society has become increasingly dependent upon private automobiles for transportation. II. More automobiles mean increased consumption of fossil fuels. III. Our depleted oil reserves will be exhausted within seventy-five years.

cause-effect

facts

documented occurrences, including actual events, dates, times, places, and people involved

one-sided message

does not mention opposing claim

testimony

firsthand findings, eyewitness accounts, and people's opinions -expert, lay

claims of fact

focus on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen

When speakers seek to establish a feeling of commonality with their audience, a feeling that he or she shares their perceptions, they are trying to achieve:

identification

Ch. 23: pages 172-178 *Aristotle's 3 modes of proof

logos, pathos, and ethos -logos (reason) page 172 -pathos (emotion) page 173 -ethos (credibility) page 174

two-sided message

mentions opposing points of view and sometimes refutes them

"American cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society." This quote is an example of a ___________, which is a technique used to increase the _________ in a speech.

metaphor, vividness

comparative advantage pattern

most effective when your audience is already aware of the issue or problem and agrees that a need for a solution exists

strengthening commitment

move listeners farther along the scale in the direction toward which they are already headed.

weakening commitment

moving hostile audience members away from previous convictions

What term do communication scholars use to describe any interference that disrupts the communication process?

noise

motivational warrant

offers reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions (pathos)

casual reasoning

one event causes another

problem-solution pattern

order of presentation that first discusses a problem, then reasons for problem, and then suggests solutions

informative speaking

presenting a speech in which the speaker seeks to deepen understanding, raise awareness, or increase knowledge about a topic

statistics

quantified evidence that summarizes, compares, and predicts things

Cialdini's Weapons of Influence

reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, liking, authority, scarcity

claims of policy

recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved

authoritative warrant

rely on an audience's beliefs about the credibility or acceptability of a source of evidence (ethos)

cherry picking

selecting only those statistics that buttress their own arguments while ignoring competing data

Anecdotes

short, humorous stories

If an outline has a clear relationship between claims and supporting material it then has ___________, and if an outline has designated all ideas that are on the same level of importance with the same symbol- it then has ____________.

subordination, coordination

substantive warrant

targets the audience's faith in the speaker's factual evidence (logos) -make use of two types of reasoning, causation and analogy

6 x 6 rule

use no more than 6 words in a line and 6 lines on one slide

Frank was a poor speaker. He always spoke in monotone, he always spoke so quick that no one understood him and he was always under time in his speaking classes. He also had troubles making clear transitions and emphasizing points. According to this description of Frank, which of the following does Frank not currently struggle with?

volume

reasoning by analogy

when you compare two similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other

Billy wanted to promote the thesis, "We must preserve our wilderness areas to protect our culture and heritage." Which of the following main points is not an issue that emerges from this thesis?

wilderness areas offer recreational opportunities