Public Speaking Unit 1: Intro to Public Speaking

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religion

a collection of belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values

message

a communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed

thesis

a concise summary of the argument or main points, usually one to three sentences long

demographic

a demographic criterion; a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender

technology

a device, material, or sequence of mathematical coded electronic instructions created by a person's mind that is built, assembled, or produced and which is not part of the natural world

bias

an inclination towards something; predisposition, partially, prejudice, preference, predilection

concept

an understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the concepts)

constructive

carefully considered and meant to be helpful

ethnicity

characteristics of a group of people thought to have common ancestry who share a distinctive culture

generation

cohorts of people who were born in the same date range and share similar cultural experience

audience-centered

contrasts with speaker-centered. when preparing a message the source analyzes the audience in order to adapt the content and language usage to the level of the listeners

culture

the beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life; the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation

empathy

the capacity to understand another person's point of view or the result of such understanding

demographics

the characteristics of population such as age, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, education; classification of the characteristics of the people

judgement

the evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision

scope

the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant

receiving stage

the first stage of the listening process, which involves hearing and attending

responding stage

the listening stage wherein the listener provides verbal and/or nonverbal reactions to what she hears

channel

the method a sender uses to send a message to a receiver. the most common humans use are auditory and visual

religious pluralism

the peaceful coexistence of multiple religions in a community

situational awareness

the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event

vividness effect

the phenomenon of how vivid or highly graphic and dramatic events affect an individual's perception of a situation

hearing

the physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the eardrum

critical thinking

the process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively assess the information they have accumulated

attending

the process of accurately identifying particular sounds as words

active listening

the process of attending carefully to what a speaker is saying, involving such techniques as accurately paraphrasing the speaker's remarks

pathos

the quality of property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality

feedback

the receivers' verbal or nonverbal responses to a message, such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal)

gender

the sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female" with each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc

understanding stage

the stage of listening during which the listener determines the context and meanings of the words that are heard

evaluating stage

the stage of listening process during which the listener critically assesses the information she's received from the speaker

remembering stage

the stage of listening wherein the listener categorizes and retains the information she's gathering from the speaker

psychographics

the study of personality, values, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles; not to be confused with demographic variables such as age and gender

ethics

the study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct

context

the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event or other occurence

confirmation bias

the tendency to pick out aspects of a conversation that support our one's own preexisting beliefs and values

comprehension

the totality of intentions or attributes, characters, marks, properties, or qualities, that the object possesses; the totality of intentions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion

message

the verbal and nonverbal components of language, sent to the receiver by the sender, that convey an idea

heteronormativity

the view that all human beings are either male or female, both in sex and in gender, and that sexual and romantic thoughts and relations are normal only when between people of different sexes

inform

to communicate knowledge to others

recuse

to declare oneself disqualified to act

assess

to determine, estimate or judge the value of; to evaluate

toast

to engage in salutation and/or accompanying raising of glasses while drinking alcohol (or other appropriate beverage) in honor of someone or something

co-located

to locate or be located at the same site, for two things or groups at the same space

narrow

to reduce in width or extent; to contract

persuade

to successfully convince someone to agree to, accept, or do something, usually through reasoning and verbal influence

decode

to translate the sender's spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using his or her knowledge of language based on personal experience

encode

to turn one's ideas into spoken language in order to transmit them to listeners

non-verbal communication

usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact

noise

various sounds, usually unwanted

open-minded

willing to consider new and different ideas or opinions

metacognition

"cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing" it can take many forms, including knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving

interest

a great attention and concern from someone or something; intellectual curiosity

audience

a group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance

secondary group

a large group involving formal and institutional relationships. involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another

race

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of common physical characteristics, such as skin color or hair type

brainstorming

a method of problem solving in which individuals or members of a group contribute ideas spontaneously

active listening

a particular communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what he or she hears to the speaker

expert

a person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject

leadership

a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task

purpose

a result that is desired; an intention

face

a sense of self-worth or self-esteem, especially in the eyes of others

conflict of interest

a situation in which someone in a position of trust, such as a lawyer, politician, or director of a corporation has competing professional or personal interests

orator

a skilled and eloquent public speaker

primary group

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. the family is the most important primary group

heterosexism

a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. it can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm and therefore superior

object

a thing that has physical existence

persuasive

able to induce to believe by appealing to reason or understanding; convincing

mediated

acting or brought about through an intervening agency

publicity

advertising or other activities designed to rouse public interest in something

ageism

age discrimination is stereotyping and discriminating against individuals or groups because of their age. it is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify age based prejudice, discrimination, and subordination

irreligious

describes an absence of any religion; where as anti-religion describes an active opposition or aversion toward religions in general

informative

enhances the knowledge or understanding of the material you present, be it information, concepts, or ideas. the presenter assumes the role of a teacher

specific

explicit or definite

education

facts, skills, and ideas that have been learned, either formally or informally

knowledge

familiarity or understanding of a particular skill, branch of learning, etc

general

giving or consisting of only the most important aspects of something, ignoring minor details; indefinite

expertise

great skill or knowledge in a particular field or hobby

persuasive

has a clear beginning, middle, and end; uses interesting supporting material; and changes or reinforce listeners' feelings, ideas, or behavior

audience analysis

involves the study of the pertinent elements defining the makeup and characteristics of your audience

transgender

is the state of one's "gender identity" (self-identification as woman, man, neither or both) not matching one's "assigned sex" (identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex)

ethnocentrism

judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture

recall

memory; the ability to remember

tangential

merely touching, referring to a tangent, only indirectly related

ethical

of or relating to the accepted principles of right and wrong, especially those of some organization or profession

sophist

one of a class of teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, especially one who used fallacious but plausible reasoning

collectivism

philosophic, political, religious, economic, or social outlook that stresses the priority of group goals over individual goals and the importance of cohesion within social groups

egocentrism

preoccupation with one's own internal world; the belief that one's own opinions or interests are the most important or valid

informative

providing knowledge, especially useful or interesting information

sender

someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel; the initiator of communication

topic

subject; theme; a category or general area of interest

memory

the ability of an organism to record information about things or events with the facility of recalling them later at will

networking

the act of meeting new people in a business or social context

plagiarism

the act of plagiarizing; the copying of another person's ideas, text or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially without permission

listening

the active process by which we make sense of, assess, and respond to what we hear

critical thinking

the application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues

rhetoric

the art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade

culture

the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation; the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life


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