Public Speaking Unit 1: Intro to Public Speaking
religion
a collection of belief systems, and worldviews that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values
message
a communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed
thesis
a concise summary of the argument or main points, usually one to three sentences long
demographic
a demographic criterion; a characteristic used to classify people for statistical purposes, such as age, race, or gender
technology
a device, material, or sequence of mathematical coded electronic instructions created by a person's mind that is built, assembled, or produced and which is not part of the natural world
bias
an inclination towards something; predisposition, partially, prejudice, preference, predilection
concept
an understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the concepts)
constructive
carefully considered and meant to be helpful
ethnicity
characteristics of a group of people thought to have common ancestry who share a distinctive culture
generation
cohorts of people who were born in the same date range and share similar cultural experience
audience-centered
contrasts with speaker-centered. when preparing a message the source analyzes the audience in order to adapt the content and language usage to the level of the listeners
culture
the beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life; the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation
empathy
the capacity to understand another person's point of view or the result of such understanding
demographics
the characteristics of population such as age, gender, sexual orientation, occupation, education; classification of the characteristics of the people
judgement
the evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision
scope
the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant
receiving stage
the first stage of the listening process, which involves hearing and attending
responding stage
the listening stage wherein the listener provides verbal and/or nonverbal reactions to what she hears
channel
the method a sender uses to send a message to a receiver. the most common humans use are auditory and visual
religious pluralism
the peaceful coexistence of multiple religions in a community
situational awareness
the perception of environmental elements with respect to time and/or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status after some variable has changed, such as time, or some other variable, such as a predetermined event
vividness effect
the phenomenon of how vivid or highly graphic and dramatic events affect an individual's perception of a situation
hearing
the physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the eardrum
critical thinking
the process by which people qualitatively and quantitatively assess the information they have accumulated
attending
the process of accurately identifying particular sounds as words
active listening
the process of attending carefully to what a speaker is saying, involving such techniques as accurately paraphrasing the speaker's remarks
pathos
the quality of property of anything which touches the feelings or excites emotions and passions, esp., that which awakens tender emotions, such as pity, sorrow, and the like; contagious warmth feeling, action, or expression; pathetic quality
feedback
the receivers' verbal or nonverbal responses to a message, such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal)
gender
the sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female" with each having associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc
understanding stage
the stage of listening during which the listener determines the context and meanings of the words that are heard
evaluating stage
the stage of listening process during which the listener critically assesses the information she's received from the speaker
remembering stage
the stage of listening wherein the listener categorizes and retains the information she's gathering from the speaker
psychographics
the study of personality, values, attitudes, interests, and lifestyles; not to be confused with demographic variables such as age and gender
ethics
the study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct
context
the surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or settings that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event or other occurence
confirmation bias
the tendency to pick out aspects of a conversation that support our one's own preexisting beliefs and values
comprehension
the totality of intentions or attributes, characters, marks, properties, or qualities, that the object possesses; the totality of intentions that are pertinent to the context of a given discussion
message
the verbal and nonverbal components of language, sent to the receiver by the sender, that convey an idea
heteronormativity
the view that all human beings are either male or female, both in sex and in gender, and that sexual and romantic thoughts and relations are normal only when between people of different sexes
inform
to communicate knowledge to others
recuse
to declare oneself disqualified to act
assess
to determine, estimate or judge the value of; to evaluate
toast
to engage in salutation and/or accompanying raising of glasses while drinking alcohol (or other appropriate beverage) in honor of someone or something
co-located
to locate or be located at the same site, for two things or groups at the same space
narrow
to reduce in width or extent; to contract
persuade
to successfully convince someone to agree to, accept, or do something, usually through reasoning and verbal influence
decode
to translate the sender's spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using his or her knowledge of language based on personal experience
encode
to turn one's ideas into spoken language in order to transmit them to listeners
non-verbal communication
usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact
noise
various sounds, usually unwanted
open-minded
willing to consider new and different ideas or opinions
metacognition
"cognition about cognition", or "knowing about knowing" it can take many forms, including knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving
interest
a great attention and concern from someone or something; intellectual curiosity
audience
a group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance
secondary group
a large group involving formal and institutional relationships. involve weak emotional ties and little personal knowledge of one another
race
a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of common physical characteristics, such as skin color or hair type
brainstorming
a method of problem solving in which individuals or members of a group contribute ideas spontaneously
active listening
a particular communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what he or she hears to the speaker
expert
a person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject
leadership
a process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task
purpose
a result that is desired; an intention
face
a sense of self-worth or self-esteem, especially in the eyes of others
conflict of interest
a situation in which someone in a position of trust, such as a lawyer, politician, or director of a corporation has competing professional or personal interests
orator
a skilled and eloquent public speaker
primary group
a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. the family is the most important primary group
heterosexism
a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. it can include the presumption that everyone is heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm and therefore superior
object
a thing that has physical existence
persuasive
able to induce to believe by appealing to reason or understanding; convincing
mediated
acting or brought about through an intervening agency
publicity
advertising or other activities designed to rouse public interest in something
ageism
age discrimination is stereotyping and discriminating against individuals or groups because of their age. it is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify age based prejudice, discrimination, and subordination
irreligious
describes an absence of any religion; where as anti-religion describes an active opposition or aversion toward religions in general
informative
enhances the knowledge or understanding of the material you present, be it information, concepts, or ideas. the presenter assumes the role of a teacher
specific
explicit or definite
education
facts, skills, and ideas that have been learned, either formally or informally
knowledge
familiarity or understanding of a particular skill, branch of learning, etc
general
giving or consisting of only the most important aspects of something, ignoring minor details; indefinite
expertise
great skill or knowledge in a particular field or hobby
persuasive
has a clear beginning, middle, and end; uses interesting supporting material; and changes or reinforce listeners' feelings, ideas, or behavior
audience analysis
involves the study of the pertinent elements defining the makeup and characteristics of your audience
transgender
is the state of one's "gender identity" (self-identification as woman, man, neither or both) not matching one's "assigned sex" (identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex)
ethnocentrism
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture
recall
memory; the ability to remember
tangential
merely touching, referring to a tangent, only indirectly related
ethical
of or relating to the accepted principles of right and wrong, especially those of some organization or profession
sophist
one of a class of teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, especially one who used fallacious but plausible reasoning
collectivism
philosophic, political, religious, economic, or social outlook that stresses the priority of group goals over individual goals and the importance of cohesion within social groups
egocentrism
preoccupation with one's own internal world; the belief that one's own opinions or interests are the most important or valid
informative
providing knowledge, especially useful or interesting information
sender
someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel; the initiator of communication
topic
subject; theme; a category or general area of interest
memory
the ability of an organism to record information about things or events with the facility of recalling them later at will
networking
the act of meeting new people in a business or social context
plagiarism
the act of plagiarizing; the copying of another person's ideas, text or other creative work, and presenting it as one's own, especially without permission
listening
the active process by which we make sense of, assess, and respond to what we hear
critical thinking
the application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of claims, beliefs, and issues
rhetoric
the art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade
culture
the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation; the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life
