PY201- Chapter 6

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. a. spontaneous recovery b. operant conditioning c. latent learning d. second-level conditioning

A

Billy's mom tells him that she will pay him to pull weeds from her flower garden. Because she is busy, she sometimes gives Billy a dime when he pulls five weeds, sometimes when he pulls ten weeds, and other times when he pulls twenty or more weeds. What reinforcement schedule is Billy's mom using? a. variable ratio b. fixed ratio c. continuous d. fixed interval

A

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? a. observational b. conditioning c. classical d. operant

A

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning by repeatedly presenting the _____. a. conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus b. conditioned response without the conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response without the unconditioned stimulus d. unconditioned stimulus without the unconditioned response

A

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. imitation d. modeling

A

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that _____. a. reinforcers strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior b. reinforcers are removed and punishers are added c. punishers strengthen behavior and reinforcers weaken behavior d. reinforcers are added and punishers are removed

A

When Alex kisses Joanna, her heart rate increases. Alex always wears the same cologne. Now, whenever Joanna smells Alex's cologne, her heart starts to race. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? a. Alex's cologne b. Alex's kiss c. Joanna's heart racing when she smells the cologne d. Joanna's heart racing when Alex kisses her

A

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? a. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student. b. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting. c. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room. d. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables.

A

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? a. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light b. jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship c. addressing your elders as sir or â maâm because that is how you were raised d. deciding that you want to be a parent

A

"Little Albert" learned to fear a white rat when it was paired with a loud noise. When "Little Albert" was presented with other similar stimuli that he had not been conditioned to fear, such as a white rabbit or white Santa Claus mask, he would scream and cry just the same. This is an example of _____. a. extinction b. exposure therapy c. stimulus generalization d. stimulus discrimination

C

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. a. response b. cognition c. model d. stimulus

C

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed ratio b. variable interval c. fixed interval d. variable ratio

C

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus must be presented _____ the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus in order for an association to be made. a. after b. less often than c. before and during d. more often than

C

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? a. fixed interval b. variable ratio c. continuous d. variable interval

C

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement? a. Park wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. b. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast. c. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. d. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens.

C

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. a. reflexes b. learning c. conditioning d. instincts

D

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. a. secondary b. continuous c. primary d. partial

D

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: Next, she plans to give students a star for positive classroom participation. Students can exchange five stars to eliminate one question from their homework assignment. This is an example of: a. a primary reinforcer. b. shaping. c. insight learning. d. a token economy program.

D

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. a. reflexive b. learned c. reactive d. instinctive

b

Jaime is teaching her new puppy, Zeus, to "do his business" in the yard. Every time Zeus "does his business" in the yard, Jaime gives him a treat. What schedule of reinforcement is Jaime using? a. fixed interval b. continuous c. variable ratio d. fixed ratio

b

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. a. positive punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative punishment d. negative reinforcement

d

Which of the following is considered to be the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs? a. the bell b. salivating/drooling in response to the food c.the food d.salivating/drooling in response to the bell

d

Debbie's cat, Trixie, will come when called only if Debbie gives her a Temptations salmon treat. Trixie will not come when called for any other treat. This is an example of _____. a.stimulus generalization b. counterconditioning c. stimulus discrimination d. exposure therapy

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? a. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. b. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. c. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. d. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

A

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a. shaping b. learning c. acquisition d. reinforcement

A

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. operant conditioning d. higher-order conditioning

A

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. a. model b. cognition c. response d. stimulus

A

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval

B

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. a. neutral stimulus and a neutral response b. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response d. neutral response and a conditioned response

B

Trey is training a rat to press a lever for food. Trey administers a food pellet for every 15 lever presses and this requirement for reinforcement never changes. What type of reinforcement schedule is this? a. variable ratio b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. continuous

B

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? a. latent learning and insight learning b. acquisition and extinction c. continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement d. punishment and reinforcement

B

_____ was the first to describe classical conditioning. a. John Watson b. Ivan Pavlov c. B.F. Skinner d. Edward Thorndike

B

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. unconditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

D

Sydney is learning how to play pool. At first, her uncle reinforces her for hitting any of the pool balls. Next, he only reinforces her for hitting the pool balls into a pocket. Finally, he only reinforcers her for hitting her own pool balls into a pocket. What operant conditioning technique is Sydney's uncle using to teach her how to play pool? a. latent learning b. extinction c. counterconditioning d. shaping

D

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. a. fixed ratio map b. fixed interval map c. latent map d. cognitive map

D

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. a. the cognitive b. social learning c. behavioral d. evolutionary

D

Vince is failing Chemistry. Halfway through the year, his teacher, Mr. Nye, pairs him up with Lisa. Vince has had a crush on Lisa since the seventh grade and he really wants to impress her. Mr. Nye is shocked; since getting paired up with Lisa, Vince has gotten every question right! Vince is demonstrating _____. a. observational learning b. shaping c. spontaneous recovery d. latent learning

D

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? a. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. b. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. c. Fear is a conditioned response. d. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

D

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? a. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification b. playing the slot machine c. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. d. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

D

_____ is defined as the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned (i.e., conditioned) response. a. Conditioning b. Stimulus generalization c. Stimulus discrimination d. Extinction

D

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. a. acquisition b. extinction c. learning d. conditioning

b

In the operant conditioning techniques reinforcement and punishment, what do the terms positive and negative refer to? a. Positive refers to a pleasant stimulus and negative refers to an unpleasant stimulus. b. Positive refers to a beneficial stimulus and negative refers to a harmful stimulus. c. Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed. d. Positive refers to reinforcement and negative refers to punishment.

c

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? a. boys display more fear than girls b. fear cannot be a conditioned response c. fear can be a conditioned response d. boys display fear differently from girls

c

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________. a. extinction b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus generalization d. stimulus discrimination

c