pysc 101
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis maintains_______
language is essential for determining thought
Discovery learning is a ______ approach to teaching in which the acquisition of new knowledge comes about largely through the learner's own efforts.
learning centered
A disease associated with ___ dopamine levels is Parkinson's disease.
low
The type of imitative behavior that involves learning a novel response is called _______.
modeling effect
____ are the building blocks of the brain and are divided into __ categories.
neurons/three
Naturally produced chemicals, called _____, are released by nerve cells and that initiate or facilitate transmission of messages among nerve cells.
neurotransmitters
Bandura's theory involving learning through observing and imitating models
observational Learning
The optic nerves meet at the ________
optic chasim
The auditory cortex sends projections to which two lobes of the brain?
partical and frontal
_________ can be best defined as the detailed process of interpreting and making sense of a combination of sensations.
perception
A drug that blocks the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter.
antagonist
Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory receptor?
antro
is an intolerance or insensitivity to light.
photo
stimulus is any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ.
physical
Wavelength in sound waves corresponds to
pitch
_______ is defined as the ability to change.
plasticity
rate of forgetting
exteninsion
reinforcement to increase a behavior in the future that comes from an external source
extrensic
______ reinforcement: reinforcement to increase a behavior in the future that comes from an internal source
extrinsic
The limbic system, associated with emotion, contains:
Amygdala and hippocampus
_______ is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience.
Learning
The stage of sleep is which does most dreaming occurs.
REM
Perceptual experiences not connected to reality are defined as:
hallucinations
The magnocellular pathway receives information from M ganglion cells about peripheral vision and therefore _______ spatial resolution images from the retina.
high
_______ are chemicals that have a pronounced effect on growth, maturation, behavior, and emotions and that are produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream.
hormones
The type of imitative behavior resulting in the suppression of previously acquired deviant behavior.
inhi
The sudden recognition of relationships among elements of a problem is referred to as _______.
insight
The global score derived from standardized intelligence tests.
intelligence quotent
Who stated that "Man is nothing but a bundle of sensations."
pro
old information prevents the formation or recall of newer information.
proactive
Specialized cells or groups of cells that respond to sensory stimulation.
receptors
______ are stimulus-response associations.
reflexes
The process of repeatedly introducing new information in order to retain the information in short-term memory, or to introduce into long-term memory.
reharsel
The ______ is the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision.
retina
interference is the theory of forgetting in which more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older.
retroactive
The process by which a nerve cell recaptures some of the neurotransmitters it has released is known as _____.
reuptake
Evolution is defined (in the text) as _____.
the adaptive progression of species from their origins.
Olfactory receptors are located at the _______.
top of nasal cavity
When you see someone doing something repeatedly, you unconsciously assume that the behavior must be reinforcing for that person.
vicarious
Law suggests that the difference threshold between two stimuli is relative to the size of the original stimulus
webner
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a disorder marked by excessive general activity for a child's age, attention problems, high impulsivity, and low frustration tolerance. This may be linked to _____ levels.
Dopamine
_______ plays a key role in the functioning of neurons associated with pleasure and reinforcement.
Dopamine
The ______ shift is the phenomenon where a stationary observer perceives a change in pitch emitted by an object moving horizontally.
Doppler
Map out the schematic conception of the components of the sensorimotor arc:
Effectors generate signals and then connect in neural pathways, then signals are sent to receptors
_____ system of is composed of glands secreting hormones whose functioning affects things such as growth, maturation, behavior, and emotion.
Endocrine
________ psychology is the view that perception is not simply a reduction of complex forms, but a holistic, creative process.
Gestalt
Specialized receptors that can sense pain
Nociceptors
A neurotransmitter linked with arousal, memory, and learning.
Norepinephrine
Sensory receptors for touch are located just below the surface of the skin and are known as ___________ corpuscles.
Pacinian
Unconditioned response is defined as the automatic, unlearned response an organism gives when the unconditioned stimulus is presented. This discovery was made by which scientist?
Pavlov
The neural networks that fan out from the central nervous system to various parts of the body are called the _____.
Peripheral nervous system
What is the term for the outer funnel-shaped structure of the ear?
Pinna
A chemical substance that has the ability to alter perception, mood, behavior, and/or physiological function.
Psychoactive drug
The _________ is responsible for controlling the diameter of the pupil.
Pupilloconstrictor zone
The duration of a sensation is defined by the relationship between the _______ intensity and the _________ intensity.
Stimulus, perceived
corresponds to the brightness or intensity of a color.
Wavelength
A person's _______ threshold is measured by taking the smallest amount of a stimulus and gradually increasing its strength until a person correctly guesses the stimulus's presence 50% of the time.
absolute
______ glands are situated at the top of the kidneys, involved in releasing hormones at times of stress.
adrenal
Contemporary models of _______tend to fall into two general categories: Theories as a causal mechanism, distinguishing between automatic and controlled processes and theories as a consequence of other processes.
attention
general term for student-centered approaches to teaching, such as discovery-oriented approaches, reciprocal learning, or cooperative instruction.
construc
A type of rehearsal in which a person actively tries to tie new information to pre-existing information already in long-term memory.
elaborative r
The human nervous system is a communication system; its function is to transmit messages, also called _____.
impulses
unwanted or painful stimulus is removed and consequently, the probability that the behavior will be repeated is increased.
negative
Nerves are made up of bundles of ____.
neurons
Olfactory receptor cells are what type of cells?
neurons
Which is an example of extrinsic reinforcement?
reading to earn a reward
shadow is the difference in sound intensity due to the head blocking/deflection some of the sound waves.
sound
________ is a quantifiable pattern of physical energy, which is able to interact with an organism and produce a change in the condition of the organism.
stimulus
Sensory receptors for gustation are known as
taste buds
Psychology deals with how we perceive and understand the _____ and _____ is fundamental to the psychological study of perception.
universe/understanding
Neurons can carry impulses at speeds of nearly ___ per hour.
400
Random brain activity is also called
Cortical noise
The scientific measurement used to describe the loudness of a particular sound is called the _______.
Decibel
what is a type of reinforment sched
all of these
How many major sensory modalities have been traditionally recognized?
5
Which is not a potential result of decreased tear production? Inflammation Blepharitis Corneal infection Scarring
blepharitis
The space between the ends of one cell's axon and another cell's dendrites is a ____.
synapse
blindness is a phenomenon caused by diverted attention resulting in failure of accurate scene detection as if we are blind to that event.
Inattentional
Being agents of our own actions requires three things:
Intentionality, forethought, and self-efficacy
A neurotransmitter present in the peripheral as well as central nervous system, involved in voluntary activity as well as physiological functions.
Acetylcholine
Experts recommend taking a break from viewing a computer screen at least every _______ minutes.
20
The ______ regulates physiological functions such as respiration, heart rate, temperature, and digestion and includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Autonomic nervous system
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in the largely unconscious functioning of the ______ nervous system, concerned with functions such as ____ and respiration rates.
Autonomic/ heart
Which of the following are physical stimuli?
all of these
A substance produced by the adrenal glands, released in response to stress.
adrinaline
Sound receptors are attached to the _______ membrane.
basilar
A memory can also be an individual instance of _____, _____, and _____ information.
c
The most researched and widely supported theory of intelligence.
chc
Learning through stimulus substitution as a result of repeated pairings of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
classic conditioning
An approach concerned mainly with intellectual events such as problem solving, information processing, thinking, and imagining.
cognitivism
A state of being characterized by the compulsive desire to have a substance, such as a drug, in order to feel "normal" and postpone the effects of withdrawal.
dependent
Results from the consequences of the act itself defines _____ reinforcement.
direct
The type of imitative behavior resulting in either the appearance of previously acquired deviant behavior.
dis
Spontaneous recovery is classical conditioning-related behavior referring to the rapid re-emergence of a previously extinguished behavior.
discrimination
Stimulus _______ involves making different responses to highly similar stimuli.
discrimination
A specialized cell or organ that carries out a response to a nerve impulse.
effector
A neurotransmitter, the bulk of which is found in the gut, where it regulates intestinal activity.
serotonin
Maintenance rehearsal is defined as a _____ level of rehearsal typically characterized by repeating something many times
shallow
A higher frequency means more pressure changes occur in a given second and occur closer to each other in space thus producing a _________ wavelength.
shorter
A model other than a real-life person, for example, books, television, and written instructions are important _____ models.
symbolic