pysc 101

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis maintains_______

language is essential for determining thought

Discovery learning is a ______ approach to teaching in which the acquisition of new knowledge comes about largely through the learner's own efforts.

learning centered

A disease associated with ___ dopamine levels is Parkinson's disease.

low

The type of imitative behavior that involves learning a novel response is called _______.

modeling effect

____ are the building blocks of the brain and are divided into __ categories.

neurons/three

Naturally produced chemicals, called _____, are released by nerve cells and that initiate or facilitate transmission of messages among nerve cells.

neurotransmitters

Bandura's theory involving learning through observing and imitating models

observational Learning

The optic nerves meet at the ________

optic chasim

The auditory cortex sends projections to which two lobes of the brain?

partical and frontal

_________ can be best defined as the detailed process of interpreting and making sense of a combination of sensations.

perception

A drug that blocks the effectiveness of a neurotransmitter.

antagonist

Which of the following is NOT a type of sensory receptor?

antro

is an intolerance or insensitivity to light.

photo

stimulus is any change in the physical environment capable of exciting a sense organ.

physical

Wavelength in sound waves corresponds to

pitch

_______ is defined as the ability to change.

plasticity

rate of forgetting

exteninsion

reinforcement to increase a behavior in the future that comes from an external source

extrensic

______ reinforcement: reinforcement to increase a behavior in the future that comes from an internal source

extrinsic

The limbic system, associated with emotion, contains:

Amygdala and hippocampus

_______ is defined as relatively permanent changes in behavior that result from experience.

Learning

The stage of sleep is which does most dreaming occurs.

REM

Perceptual experiences not connected to reality are defined as:

hallucinations

The magnocellular pathway receives information from M ganglion cells about peripheral vision and therefore _______ spatial resolution images from the retina.

high

_______ are chemicals that have a pronounced effect on growth, maturation, behavior, and emotions and that are produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream.

hormones

The type of imitative behavior resulting in the suppression of previously acquired deviant behavior.

inhi

The sudden recognition of relationships among elements of a problem is referred to as _______.

insight

The global score derived from standardized intelligence tests.

intelligence quotent

Who stated that "Man is nothing but a bundle of sensations."

pro

old information prevents the formation or recall of newer information.

proactive

Specialized cells or groups of cells that respond to sensory stimulation.

receptors

______ are stimulus-response associations.

reflexes

The process of repeatedly introducing new information in order to retain the information in short-term memory, or to introduce into long-term memory.

reharsel

The ______ is the light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains the sensory receptors for vision.

retina

interference is the theory of forgetting in which more recent information gets in the way of trying to recall older.

retroactive

The process by which a nerve cell recaptures some of the neurotransmitters it has released is known as _____.

reuptake

Evolution is defined (in the text) as _____.

the adaptive progression of species from their origins.

Olfactory receptors are located at the _______.

top of nasal cavity

When you see someone doing something repeatedly, you unconsciously assume that the behavior must be reinforcing for that person.

vicarious

Law suggests that the difference threshold between two stimuli is relative to the size of the original stimulus

webner

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a disorder marked by excessive general activity for a child's age, attention problems, high impulsivity, and low frustration tolerance. This may be linked to _____ levels.

Dopamine

_______ plays a key role in the functioning of neurons associated with pleasure and reinforcement.

Dopamine

The ______ shift is the phenomenon where a stationary observer perceives a change in pitch emitted by an object moving horizontally.

Doppler

Map out the schematic conception of the components of the sensorimotor arc:

Effectors generate signals and then connect in neural pathways, then signals are sent to receptors

_____ system of is composed of glands secreting hormones whose functioning affects things such as growth, maturation, behavior, and emotion.

Endocrine

________ psychology is the view that perception is not simply a reduction of complex forms, but a holistic, creative process.

Gestalt

Specialized receptors that can sense pain

Nociceptors

A neurotransmitter linked with arousal, memory, and learning.

Norepinephrine

Sensory receptors for touch are located just below the surface of the skin and are known as ___________ corpuscles.

Pacinian

Unconditioned response is defined as the automatic, unlearned response an organism gives when the unconditioned stimulus is presented. This discovery was made by which scientist?

Pavlov

The neural networks that fan out from the central nervous system to various parts of the body are called the _____.

Peripheral nervous system

What is the term for the outer funnel-shaped structure of the ear?

Pinna

A chemical substance that has the ability to alter perception, mood, behavior, and/or physiological function.

Psychoactive drug

The _________ is responsible for controlling the diameter of the pupil.

Pupilloconstrictor zone

The duration of a sensation is defined by the relationship between the _______ intensity and the _________ intensity.

Stimulus, perceived

corresponds to the brightness or intensity of a color.

Wavelength

A person's _______ threshold is measured by taking the smallest amount of a stimulus and gradually increasing its strength until a person correctly guesses the stimulus's presence 50% of the time.

absolute

______ glands are situated at the top of the kidneys, involved in releasing hormones at times of stress.

adrenal

Contemporary models of _______tend to fall into two general categories: Theories as a causal mechanism, distinguishing between automatic and controlled processes and theories as a consequence of other processes.

attention

general term for student-centered approaches to teaching, such as discovery-oriented approaches, reciprocal learning, or cooperative instruction.

construc

A type of rehearsal in which a person actively tries to tie new information to pre-existing information already in long-term memory.

elaborative r

The human nervous system is a communication system; its function is to transmit messages, also called _____.

impulses

unwanted or painful stimulus is removed and consequently, the probability that the behavior will be repeated is increased.

negative

Nerves are made up of bundles of ____.

neurons

Olfactory receptor cells are what type of cells?

neurons

Which is an example of extrinsic reinforcement?

reading to earn a reward

shadow is the difference in sound intensity due to the head blocking/deflection some of the sound waves.

sound

________ is a quantifiable pattern of physical energy, which is able to interact with an organism and produce a change in the condition of the organism.

stimulus

Sensory receptors for gustation are known as

taste buds

Psychology deals with how we perceive and understand the _____ and _____ is fundamental to the psychological study of perception.

universe/understanding

Neurons can carry impulses at speeds of nearly ___ per hour.

400

Random brain activity is also called

Cortical noise

The scientific measurement used to describe the loudness of a particular sound is called the _______.

Decibel

what is a type of reinforment sched

all of these

How many major sensory modalities have been traditionally recognized?

5

Which is not a potential result of decreased tear production? Inflammation Blepharitis Corneal infection Scarring

blepharitis

The space between the ends of one cell's axon and another cell's dendrites is a ____.

synapse

blindness is a phenomenon caused by diverted attention resulting in failure of accurate scene detection as if we are blind to that event.

Inattentional

Being agents of our own actions requires three things:

Intentionality, forethought, and self-efficacy

A neurotransmitter present in the peripheral as well as central nervous system, involved in voluntary activity as well as physiological functions.

Acetylcholine

Experts recommend taking a break from viewing a computer screen at least every _______ minutes.

20

The ______ regulates physiological functions such as respiration, heart rate, temperature, and digestion and includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Autonomic nervous system

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in the largely unconscious functioning of the ______ nervous system, concerned with functions such as ____ and respiration rates.

Autonomic/ heart

Which of the following are physical stimuli?

all of these

A substance produced by the adrenal glands, released in response to stress.

adrinaline

Sound receptors are attached to the _______ membrane.

basilar

A memory can also be an individual instance of _____, _____, and _____ information.

c

The most researched and widely supported theory of intelligence.

chc

Learning through stimulus substitution as a result of repeated pairings of an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus

classic conditioning

An approach concerned mainly with intellectual events such as problem solving, information processing, thinking, and imagining.

cognitivism

A state of being characterized by the compulsive desire to have a substance, such as a drug, in order to feel "normal" and postpone the effects of withdrawal.

dependent

Results from the consequences of the act itself defines _____ reinforcement.

direct

The type of imitative behavior resulting in either the appearance of previously acquired deviant behavior.

dis

Spontaneous recovery is classical conditioning-related behavior referring to the rapid re-emergence of a previously extinguished behavior.

discrimination

Stimulus _______ involves making different responses to highly similar stimuli.

discrimination

A specialized cell or organ that carries out a response to a nerve impulse.

effector

A neurotransmitter, the bulk of which is found in the gut, where it regulates intestinal activity.

serotonin

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as a _____ level of rehearsal typically characterized by repeating something many times

shallow

A higher frequency means more pressure changes occur in a given second and occur closer to each other in space thus producing a _________ wavelength.

shorter

A model other than a real-life person, for example, books, television, and written instructions are important _____ models.

symbolic