Anth
Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
-Jews -Finns -Italians
A misconception about hormones in society is that
-Sex-specific hormones cause particular behaviors -They are important only for sexual functioning -Certain hormones are linked solely to a specific sex
Anthropologists reject the idea that same-sex sexuality is a fixed and exclusive condition because
-Sexuality is variable throughout a lifetime -Of the research of Dr. Alfred Kinsey -Of cross-cultural research on sexual practices
To understand aggression in society, we have to understand which of the following factor(s)?
-The availability of weapons -The role of the state in promoting conflicts -Cultural attitudes toward violence
Which issue(s) would you focus on if you wanted to understand changing ideas about masculinity in the United States?
-The expectations of men in their workplaces -The relationships between working mothers and their families -The relationships between men and their children
Sexual dimorphism refers to
-how men and women have a different sexual forms -The differences of hormones in men's and women's bodies -The difference in chromosomal structures for men and women
If you wanted to study ethnographically how LGBTQ identities are being normalized on your campus, you would likely be sensitive to
-how people make meaning of these identities and differentiate them -Any ethical quandaries that emerge in the course of your research -How social differences intersect with these identities
Anthropologist Don Kulick did ethnographic research among the travestis and believes he was accepted into their group because he was
-not fluent in Portuguese -European -a gay man
3 key concerns shaped the foundation of professional anthropology in the 1850s:
1) Disruptions caused by industrialization in Europe and America 2) The rise of evolutionary theories 3) The spread of European colonialism
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
Anthropologists generally approved of feminist activism against FGM in the Sudan because:
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Anthropologists hope to encounter a wide range of significant social phenomena through:
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Before entering the field site to conduct research, most anthropologists:
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Cultural relativism is at times challenged by the concept of:
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If Jakob Grimm, who developed what has come to be known as Grimm's law, were analyzing the historical relationships among the so-called dialects of Chinese (such as Cantonese and Mandarin), what data would he be looking for in his linguistic fieldwork?
?
If a hijra is not properly paid for performing a wedding ceremony, she may:
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In cases where specific "athletic" genes may be identified, genetic factors may still not be the most important in determining success. This is because:
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Like hijras, s?dhins function in an additional gender role. When a female becomes a s?dhin, she:
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The "outsider" status of an ethnographer:
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The author argues for an activist interpretation of anthropology's "do no harm" ethic. In her view:
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The key identifying characteristic of hijras is their:
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When language speakers use slang or metaphor, they are engaging in which concept suggested by French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure?
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Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
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Which of the following is a feature of language?
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Within orthodox Hinduism, hijras are generally regarded as:
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The difference between a survey and a structured interview is: a.survey questions are asked as written; in a structured interview they are not b.survey questions are closed-ended; Structured interviews are not c. the goal of using survey questions is typically to produce quantitative data, while for structured interviews it is to produce qualitative data
All of the above
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American sign language
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Bronislaw Malinowski
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
Class
All societies differentiate between male and female, but one way Americans are unique in how we do it is that we link gender to
Color
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was
E.B. Tylor
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?
E.B. Tylor
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
Ethnicity
If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?
Genealogical method
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
Industrialization
Mary Douglas compared food's structure in society with _______________ and a formal dinner with a _______________
Language, sentence
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
Metaphor
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
Prejudice
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Renato Rosaldo
Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?
a study of community response to a disaster
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
all of the above
A social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea was that
all of the above
An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because
all of the above
Anthropologists study food holistically, which means that they focus on
all of the above
During fieldwork cultural anthropologists
all of the above
Eating practices mark
all of the above
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
all of the above
Examples of social institutions are
all of the above
Fieldwork involves
all of the above
Foodways are dynamic because
all of the above
Increasingly, professional anthropologists are
all of the above
The Canadian government helps preserve the use of French by requiring all official documents to be written in both English and French. The provincial government of the Canadian province of Quebec has implemented further regulations that require that signs have French letters larger than English letters. Why is the size of letters important?
all of the above
The comparative method
all of the above
What is the type of information written in field notes?
all of the above
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
all of the above
When anthropologists go into the field
all of the above
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
all of the above
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
all of the above -The sampling is too specific and focuses only on visible traits -They rarely describe an actual individual or characterize whole groups of people -One trait tends to be representative of other characteristics like intelligence and personal character
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
all of the above -a commitment to doing no harm -the rejection of clandestine research -responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
all of the above -it denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans -it can justify atrocities -it explains all human action as the product of culture alone
In which of the following locations would you find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
all of the above.
The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
all of the above.
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time
Sex-assignment surgery is important because it a. improves the biological functions of intersexed people b. shows that "sex" is a biological phenomenon c. shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions d. is performed only on girls
c. shows that "sex" is constructed upon cultural assumptions
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
challenged her right to study the Maya culture as a foreign anthropologist
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Multisited ethnography is an example of which method?
comparative method
A number of societies have the notion that men are __________ and women are _________.
created; born
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
cultural
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is
cultural relativism
Ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except a. ensuring informant confidentiality b. protecting informants' blood samples and other biological information c. controlling and protecting access to field notes d. being open about their research e. all of the above
d. being open about their research
The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it a. helps us talk about difficult emotions b. synthesizes everything important to society in a single symbol c. implies how people should act d. explains complex relationships in a single symbol
d. explains complex relationships in a single symbol
What is the main implication of Don Kulick's story about "coming out in the field" for other anthropologists who do not necessarily study in a gay community?
developing rapport sometimes relies on sharing a lot in common with your subjects
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is
discrimination
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
For pastoral groups such as the Dinka and the Nuer, the cow acts as which kind of symbol?
elaborating symbol
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
encultration
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is
ethnocentrism
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
A major problem with the approach to race that defines race as reproductively isolated breeding populations is that
every breeding population qualifies as a race
Diversity defined anthropologically is
focuses on multiplicity and variety
Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?
gender variance
The success of Jamaican sprinters is better explained by _______________ than by a genetic-gift hypothesis.
geography?
Which of the following is a dilemma facing an ethnographer of transgender people in the United States?
how one's research or advocacy can reinforce social inequalities and suffering
The "one drop rule" enlarged the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
The defining feature of historical particularism is
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
intergrated
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
Why did Liberian rebel soldiers cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?
it distinguished them from the government's soldiers
Why was meat eating important for human evolution?
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because
it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based
The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?
language ideology
Which method is important for understanding past social institutions and how they change?
life histories
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
"Going native" refers to a process whereby the anthropologist
loses the ability to be an engaged observer
If you studied sex workers in your city as Philippe Bourgois studied crack dealers in New York City, you might find that
maintaining confidentiality is an ongoing challenge
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalize women voice in work context
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
natural selection
Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between
nature and culture
If you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on
new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness
The human diet is
omnivorous
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions ie. raw/cooked
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds
phonology
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
pidgin language
If you were conducting a symbolic analysis of TV programs and wanted to identify a key scenario such as the Horatio Alger myth, which of the following would you focus on?
plots that are repeated in many of the programs that American viewers interpret as commonplace social experiment
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
post-structuralism
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to
protect their informants
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
racialization
What is an important factor in making race real?
racism
If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language change in smaller American cities, building on William Labov's studies from the 1980s, what method would you use?
record how younger people, middle-aged people, and senior citizens pronounce ordinary American words
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
scientists
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that
sexuality exists on a continuum
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
social behaviors
People everywhere establish their gender/sex identities, including normative categories like "man" or "woman," through
social performances
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
stands for 'the American way,' a conglomerate of ideas and feelings including democracy, hard work, national superiority, freedom etc... stands for all of them at once
If you wanted to have consistent responses, what kind of interview would you use?
survey interview
A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize
that those meanings are only sensible within a culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the Industrial Revolution
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
Cross-dressing rebel soldiers in Liberia is an excellent illustration of what?
the fact that gender identities are rooted in local concepts and practices
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates
the power of tradition
A biocultural perspective on gender variance would emphasize all of the following except
the relative allocation of sex-specific hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, that influence whether a person is male or female
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
the superior natural abilities of one group of people allowing them to control an inferior group of people
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
theories
The most important thing about "the invisible knapsack" idea is that
these privileges exist whether or not the person carries racial supremacist ideas
French existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir argued in her book The Second Sex that
throughout history women have been treated as inferior
Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
to justify African slavery
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
while it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view, it doesn't mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
Which of the following explanations of whiteness would be least likely to come from an anthropologist who studies population dynamics?
whiteness is created through social processes that naturalize race
A key finding of anthropologist Matthew Gutmann's fieldwork on masculinity in Mexico is that
women challenge men's domination over them by arguing and issuing ultimatums
Does race have biological consequences?
yes, because of racism
