QP quizzes and Midterm MC

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The capacity of the human brain that has been used is about

10%

What is the commonly accepted scale for nanoparticles

10-9 to 10-7 m

How many B lymphocytes are people equipped with?

100 million

A concentration of 1 millimolar (1 mM) is

1X10 -3 mole per litter

The action potential lasts about

2 ms

The normal resting membrane potential is about -70 mV and the peak of an action potential is usually about + 30 mV. The total Em change during an action potential is about 100 mV. The threshold Em for inducing an action potential is about

20 to 30% of the total change for Em during the action potential

The molecular weight of ryanodine is 493.54 g mol−1. You want to make 50 mL of a 10-mM stock solution. How much ryanodine should you weigh out?

246.77 mg

Comparing with an electric circuit, a biomedical membrane is equivalent to

A capacitor

How many electrons would carbon atom need to achieve a stable orbital configuration?

4

Based on the tissue in which the original cancer begins, how many major types of cancer are considered.

4- carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma

A concentration of 5 millimolar (5 mM) is

5X10 -3 mole per litter

The free diffusion coefficient of oxygen in aqueous solutions D is about 1.5×10−5 cm2 s−1. If the diffusion distance between air and blood is 0.5 μm, about how long is the diffusion time?

0.083 ms

The maximum tolerable sound intensity is

1 W/m^2

Normal diastolic blood pressure is about 80 mmHg. What is the pressure in pascals?

1.066 X 105 Pa

The force between two charges with a separation of r is proportional to

1/r^2

What is the most common acquired immunodeficiency disease?

AIDS

for a solute concentration C(x,t) and initial concentration C0 and diffusion coefficient D, what equation satisfied Fick's second law of diffusion?

C(x,t) = C0 + sqrt(1/4piDt) * exp(-x^2/4Dt)

What kind of helper T cells does HIV (the AIDS virus) selectively invade?

CD4+

What type of cytotoxic T cells respond to foreign antigens only in association with class I MHC glycoproteins?

CD8+

If the Gibbs Free Energy G during a chemical reaction does not change (ΔG=0), it indicates the following:

Chemical reaction is at an equilibrium

Free energy for ions across a membrane is determined by

Concentrations of the ions on both side of the membrane, Electric potential difference across the membrane, Temperature of the solution

What drives the movement of fluids across capillary?

Difference of (Hydrostatic pressure - oncostic pressure) across the membrane of the capillary

The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons is referred to as

Electronegativity

The major components in an atom are

Electrons, neutrons, and protons

Among the components of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), energy, water, carbon, inorganic phosphate (Pi), the main products of the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are:

Energy, ADP, and Pi

If a force F is applied on a flat surface with an area A, what is the pressure on the surface?

F/A

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United States with the highest death rate. T or F

FALSE

Immune Checkpoint Therapy is highly effective against all solid tumors T or F

FALSE

Class I MHC glycoproteins, which are recognized by helper (CD6+) T cells, are restricted to the surface of a few special types of immune cells.​

False

Natural killer (NK) cells are naturally occurring leukocytes that nonspecifically destroy bacteria-infected cells and cancer cells.​ T or F

False

The adaptive immune system prepares its defenses for nonspecific pathogens. T or F

False

The immediate "borrowed" immunity conferred on receipt of preformed antibodies is known as active immunity.​ T or F

False

[----] T cells do not directly participate in immune destruction of invading pathogens.

Helper

One specific method for cancer treatment is HIFU. It stands for

High-intensity focused ultrasound

H2 cells promote antibody-mediated immunity, especially ___ production, by B cells and rev up ___ activity for defense against parasitic worms.

IgE, eosinophil

The following therapies are usually considered as systemic cancer therapies.

Immunotherapy and chemotherapy

for solute with flux J(x) and concentration C(x) and diffusion coefficient D, what is Fick's 1st law of diffusion?

J(x) = -(D*dc(x))/dx

What cancer is on the top of the list for the number of cancer-related death per year?

Lung and Bronchus Cancer

Which of the following is NOT a major transport function of the cell membrane? Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Lymphocytosis

Lymphocytosis

The most numerous organelle in the cell is

Mitochondria

One major model of passive transport is

Motion of particles due to difference in concentration

What is the cause of the osmotic pressure?

None-permeable solute in the solution

What is flux of particles through a tube?

Number of particles passing through a tube divided by the cross-section A and divided by the time t

What cancer at stage IV has the lowest 5-year survival rate?

Pancreatic Cancer

Dissolution of solute in the lipid bilayer is considered as

Passive transport

A Golgi apparatus is a cell organelle that helps

Process and package proteins to be exported from the cell

The major function of mitochondrion is to

Produce ATPs

For a parallel capacitor with a capacitance C, a potential V is applied across the two plates. What is the charge Q on the plates (+Q on one plate and -Q on the opposite plate)?

Q=CV

Based on the Poiseuille's Law, a flow through a narrow tube of a radius R is proportional to:

R^4

Unlike B cells, which secrete antibodies that can attack antigens at long distances, ___ must directly contact their targets, a process known as ___ immunity.

T Cells, cell-mediated

Cell-mediated immunity involves the production of activated __________, which directly attack unwanted cells.

T lymphocytes

Most antigens to which B cells respond are:

T-dependent antigens

Cytotoxic T cells, as well as NK cells, destroy a targeted cell by releasing perforin molecules, which penetrate the target cell's surface membrane and join to form pore-like channels.

TRUE

On being released into the blood from either the bone marrow or the spleen, mature T and B cells take up residence and establish lymphocyte colonies in the peripheral lymphoid tissues.​

TRUE

Phagocytic cells are attracted to chemotaxins, chemical mediators released at the site of damage.

TRUE

The two main divisions of the nervous system are?

The central and peripheral nervous system

What drives the flow of heat in a closed room?

The change of temperature with respect of position

What is virulence?​

The disease-producing power of a pathogen

Which of the following physiological system provide the systemic, long-term, and steady control of the body functions?

The neuroendocrine system

What is the near-point for vision?

The point within which you need a positive lens to see

An antigen is a large, unique molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself, such as generation of antibodies that lead to its destruction.​ T or F

True

As a more subtle means of destruction, neutrophils secrete lactoferrin, a protein that tightly binds with iron, making it unavailable for use by invading bacteria.​ T or F

True

Bacteria are non-nucleated, single-celled microorganisms self-equipped with all the machinery essential for their survival and reproduction.​ T or F

True

In a rare hereditary condition known as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), both B and T cells are lacking.​

True

Interferon released from virus-infected cells binds with other uninvaded host cells and induces these cells to produce inactive enzymes capable of blocking viral replication. T or F

True

Only a fraction of the genetic mutations that occur in the body involve loss of control over the cell's growth and multiplication.​

True

T lymphocytes directly destroy virus-invaded cells and mutant cells by releasing chemicals that punch lethal holes in the victim cells.​ T or F

True

The currently accepted clonal selection theory proposes that diverse B lymphocytes are produced during fetal development, each capable of synthesizing an antibody against a particular antigen before ever being exposed to it.​ T or F

True

Vaccination deliberately exposes the person to a pathogen that has been stripped of its disease-inducing capability (that is, the pathogen is attenuated).​ T or F

True

​A cytotoxic T cell can also indirectly bring about death of an infected host cell by releasing granzymes, which are enzymes similar to digestive enzymes.

True

​Exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens sometimes induces an immune attack against these antigens.

True

A biological membrane mainly consists of

Two layers of phospholipids

___ are not self-sustaining cellular entities -- they consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein ____

Viruses, coat

Who is considered as the father of cancer immunotherapy?

William Coley

The resting membrane potential in most cases maintains

a constant negative potential on the inner side of the membrane

The membrane of an axon in the Hodgkin-Huxley model is considered as a collection of

a large number of small resistors connected in parallel and a large number of small capacitors connected in parallel

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a solution which is isotonic to red blood cells?

a solution in which red blood cells neither swell nor shrink

Which of the following occurs during the equilibrium stage of cancer immunoediting

a). Tumor cells downregulate MHC expression b). T effector cells become exhausted c). Immunosuppressive cells infiltrate the tumor

Steady-state flow in a narrow tube of radius a, the total flow Q is proportional to

a^4

What are the phagocytic specialists called that are within the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs?

alveolar macrophages

If an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is concentrated primarily within the bronchioles, what condition results?​

asthma

what word(s) below is NOT necessarily related to cancer

bulges

​What kind of immunity involves the production of activated T lymphocytes?

cell-mediated

The frontal lobe of the brain is mainly for

cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity

The major function of the dendrites of a motor neuron is to

collect membrane signals

The ___ system, a group of inactive plasma proteins that, when sequentially activated, bring about destruction of foreign cells by attacking their plasma ____

complement, membrane

The Nernst equation represents a relationship for equilibrium between

concentration of ions and electric potential across the membrane when the net transmembrane current is zero

Sarcoma is a type of cancer originated in

connective or supportive tissue

equation for particles flux J(x,t) concentration C(x,t)

dC(x,t)/dt = -dj(x,t)/dt

Radiation therapy kills cancer cells mainly through the following mechanism:

damaging tumor cell DNA, leading to cell death

At a steady state (dV/dt = 0), action potential travels along the axon with a peak potential Em that

decreases exponentially with distance

​All of the epithelial surfaces are protected by antimicrobial peptides called:

defensins

Clonal __________ is accomplished by triggering apoptosis of immature cells that would react with the body's proteins.

deletion

The process by which neutrophils and monocytes squeeze out between cells of the blood vessel wall during an inflammatory response is known as:

diapedesis

What layer of the skin is keratinized?

epidermis

Properties of the tail portion of the antibody determine the __________ properties of the antibody.

functional

The HIV virus invades and incapacitates the critical __________ cells.

helper T

Localized vasodilation is mainly induced by [----] released from mast cells in the area of tissue damage.

histamine

After switch is closed for long time what is current through resistor R and Q charge on capacitor C?

i=0 Q=CV

Once switch is closed on resistor-capacitor circuit what is the immediate current i on R and charge Q on capacitor with capacitance C?

i=V/R, Q=0

​What kind of antibody does a baby receive from its mother's colostrums (first milk)?

igA

Which one of the following mechanism is NOT HIFU's cancer killing mechanism

imaging of tumor for treatment

What is another term for antibodies?

immunoglobulins

The myelin sheath on the outside of axon can

increase the speed of the action potential

What is one of the major obstacles for the surgical removal of tumor in 1800s?

infection

The depolarizing stimuli can

initiate action potential when above a threshold

The first cancer Sydney Farber tried to treat using chemotherapy is

leukemia

​How are antibodies shaped?

like a Y

The spreading of cancer cells around the body from the original source is called:

metastasis

During the inflammation response, what components of the immune system are sent to the invaded or injured area?​

neutrophils and monocytes

The innate immune system encompasses what type of immune response?​

nonspecific

​Immunodeficiency diseases can be congenital, which means:

present at birth

The checkpoint molecules in our body

suppress antitumor T cell responses

The concentrations of Na and Cl are both high outside the cell membrane. However, the equilibrium potential Ena is positive and ECl is negative because

the Na and Cl have opposite charges

The equilibrium potential across a membrane is a result of

the balance between electric force on the ions and diffusions of the ions across the membrane

One major reason for the generation of action potential is

the change of conductance of Na and K with membrane potential

The major factor that differentiates the pitch between males and females is

the mass of the vocal cords

Proton therapy relies on the following mechanism to kill tumors:

the protons stopped in the target tumor to deliver the energy to tumor cells

​How many types of T cells are there?

three- killer, helper, regulatory

What effect does histamine have?

vasodilation

​The targets of cytotoxic T cells most frequently are host cells infected with

viruses

Based on the written record, when did the first cancer surgery occur?

~ 500 BC

What is the percentage of cancer-related death caused by metastasis?

~ 90%

A parallel capacitor has a capacitance C. When the separation of the two plates is doubled, its capacitance becomes

½ C

What are the two types of lymphocytes?​

​B cells and T cells

​Helper T cells secrete several interleukins that serve collectively as a(n)

​B-cell growth factor

When a person with an allergic tendency is first exposed to a particular allergen, what cytokine is secreted by compatible helper T cells? ​

​IL-4

When a person with an allergic tendency is first exposed to a particular allergen, what cytokine is secreted by compatible helper T cells?​

​IL-4

What mediates the primary response?

​IgM antibodies

What is the term for cellular suicide?

​apoptosis

The primary foreign enemies against which the immune system defends are

​bacteria and viruses

What cause neutrophils and monocytes to stick to the blood vessel wall during an inflammatory response?​

​cytokines

What is the most common type of antigen?

​foreign proteins

What cells are responsible for the body's immune system?​

​leukocytes

What cells release histamine?

​mast cells

What cells in the epidermis are responsible for the shades of skin color of the various races?

​melanocytes

How do antibodies physically hinder some antigens from exerting their detrimental effects?

​neutralization and agglutination

What are the phagocytic specialists?​

​neutrophils and macrophages

​How many layers comprise the skin?

​two


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