QP quizzes and Midterm MC
The capacity of the human brain that has been used is about
10%
What is the commonly accepted scale for nanoparticles
10-9 to 10-7 m
How many B lymphocytes are people equipped with?
100 million
A concentration of 1 millimolar (1 mM) is
1X10 -3 mole per litter
The action potential lasts about
2 ms
The normal resting membrane potential is about -70 mV and the peak of an action potential is usually about + 30 mV. The total Em change during an action potential is about 100 mV. The threshold Em for inducing an action potential is about
20 to 30% of the total change for Em during the action potential
The molecular weight of ryanodine is 493.54 g mol−1. You want to make 50 mL of a 10-mM stock solution. How much ryanodine should you weigh out?
246.77 mg
Comparing with an electric circuit, a biomedical membrane is equivalent to
A capacitor
How many electrons would carbon atom need to achieve a stable orbital configuration?
4
Based on the tissue in which the original cancer begins, how many major types of cancer are considered.
4- carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma
A concentration of 5 millimolar (5 mM) is
5X10 -3 mole per litter
The free diffusion coefficient of oxygen in aqueous solutions D is about 1.5×10−5 cm2 s−1. If the diffusion distance between air and blood is 0.5 μm, about how long is the diffusion time?
0.083 ms
The maximum tolerable sound intensity is
1 W/m^2
Normal diastolic blood pressure is about 80 mmHg. What is the pressure in pascals?
1.066 X 105 Pa
The force between two charges with a separation of r is proportional to
1/r^2
What is the most common acquired immunodeficiency disease?
AIDS
for a solute concentration C(x,t) and initial concentration C0 and diffusion coefficient D, what equation satisfied Fick's second law of diffusion?
C(x,t) = C0 + sqrt(1/4piDt) * exp(-x^2/4Dt)
What kind of helper T cells does HIV (the AIDS virus) selectively invade?
CD4+
What type of cytotoxic T cells respond to foreign antigens only in association with class I MHC glycoproteins?
CD8+
If the Gibbs Free Energy G during a chemical reaction does not change (ΔG=0), it indicates the following:
Chemical reaction is at an equilibrium
Free energy for ions across a membrane is determined by
Concentrations of the ions on both side of the membrane, Electric potential difference across the membrane, Temperature of the solution
What drives the movement of fluids across capillary?
Difference of (Hydrostatic pressure - oncostic pressure) across the membrane of the capillary
The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons is referred to as
Electronegativity
The major components in an atom are
Electrons, neutrons, and protons
Among the components of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), energy, water, carbon, inorganic phosphate (Pi), the main products of the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are:
Energy, ADP, and Pi
If a force F is applied on a flat surface with an area A, what is the pressure on the surface?
F/A
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United States with the highest death rate. T or F
FALSE
Immune Checkpoint Therapy is highly effective against all solid tumors T or F
FALSE
Class I MHC glycoproteins, which are recognized by helper (CD6+) T cells, are restricted to the surface of a few special types of immune cells.
False
Natural killer (NK) cells are naturally occurring leukocytes that nonspecifically destroy bacteria-infected cells and cancer cells. T or F
False
The adaptive immune system prepares its defenses for nonspecific pathogens. T or F
False
The immediate "borrowed" immunity conferred on receipt of preformed antibodies is known as active immunity. T or F
False
[----] T cells do not directly participate in immune destruction of invading pathogens.
Helper
One specific method for cancer treatment is HIFU. It stands for
High-intensity focused ultrasound
H2 cells promote antibody-mediated immunity, especially ___ production, by B cells and rev up ___ activity for defense against parasitic worms.
IgE, eosinophil
The following therapies are usually considered as systemic cancer therapies.
Immunotherapy and chemotherapy
for solute with flux J(x) and concentration C(x) and diffusion coefficient D, what is Fick's 1st law of diffusion?
J(x) = -(D*dc(x))/dx
What cancer is on the top of the list for the number of cancer-related death per year?
Lung and Bronchus Cancer
Which of the following is NOT a major transport function of the cell membrane? Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Lymphocytosis
Lymphocytosis
The most numerous organelle in the cell is
Mitochondria
One major model of passive transport is
Motion of particles due to difference in concentration
What is the cause of the osmotic pressure?
None-permeable solute in the solution
What is flux of particles through a tube?
Number of particles passing through a tube divided by the cross-section A and divided by the time t
What cancer at stage IV has the lowest 5-year survival rate?
Pancreatic Cancer
Dissolution of solute in the lipid bilayer is considered as
Passive transport
A Golgi apparatus is a cell organelle that helps
Process and package proteins to be exported from the cell
The major function of mitochondrion is to
Produce ATPs
For a parallel capacitor with a capacitance C, a potential V is applied across the two plates. What is the charge Q on the plates (+Q on one plate and -Q on the opposite plate)?
Q=CV
Based on the Poiseuille's Law, a flow through a narrow tube of a radius R is proportional to:
R^4
Unlike B cells, which secrete antibodies that can attack antigens at long distances, ___ must directly contact their targets, a process known as ___ immunity.
T Cells, cell-mediated
Cell-mediated immunity involves the production of activated __________, which directly attack unwanted cells.
T lymphocytes
Most antigens to which B cells respond are:
T-dependent antigens
Cytotoxic T cells, as well as NK cells, destroy a targeted cell by releasing perforin molecules, which penetrate the target cell's surface membrane and join to form pore-like channels.
TRUE
On being released into the blood from either the bone marrow or the spleen, mature T and B cells take up residence and establish lymphocyte colonies in the peripheral lymphoid tissues.
TRUE
Phagocytic cells are attracted to chemotaxins, chemical mediators released at the site of damage.
TRUE
The two main divisions of the nervous system are?
The central and peripheral nervous system
What drives the flow of heat in a closed room?
The change of temperature with respect of position
What is virulence?
The disease-producing power of a pathogen
Which of the following physiological system provide the systemic, long-term, and steady control of the body functions?
The neuroendocrine system
What is the near-point for vision?
The point within which you need a positive lens to see
An antigen is a large, unique molecule that triggers a specific immune response against itself, such as generation of antibodies that lead to its destruction. T or F
True
As a more subtle means of destruction, neutrophils secrete lactoferrin, a protein that tightly binds with iron, making it unavailable for use by invading bacteria. T or F
True
Bacteria are non-nucleated, single-celled microorganisms self-equipped with all the machinery essential for their survival and reproduction. T or F
True
In a rare hereditary condition known as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), both B and T cells are lacking.
True
Interferon released from virus-infected cells binds with other uninvaded host cells and induces these cells to produce inactive enzymes capable of blocking viral replication. T or F
True
Only a fraction of the genetic mutations that occur in the body involve loss of control over the cell's growth and multiplication.
True
T lymphocytes directly destroy virus-invaded cells and mutant cells by releasing chemicals that punch lethal holes in the victim cells. T or F
True
The currently accepted clonal selection theory proposes that diverse B lymphocytes are produced during fetal development, each capable of synthesizing an antibody against a particular antigen before ever being exposed to it. T or F
True
Vaccination deliberately exposes the person to a pathogen that has been stripped of its disease-inducing capability (that is, the pathogen is attenuated). T or F
True
A cytotoxic T cell can also indirectly bring about death of an infected host cell by releasing granzymes, which are enzymes similar to digestive enzymes.
True
Exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens sometimes induces an immune attack against these antigens.
True
A biological membrane mainly consists of
Two layers of phospholipids
___ are not self-sustaining cellular entities -- they consist only of nucleic acids enclosed by a protein ____
Viruses, coat
Who is considered as the father of cancer immunotherapy?
William Coley
The resting membrane potential in most cases maintains
a constant negative potential on the inner side of the membrane
The membrane of an axon in the Hodgkin-Huxley model is considered as a collection of
a large number of small resistors connected in parallel and a large number of small capacitors connected in parallel
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of a solution which is isotonic to red blood cells?
a solution in which red blood cells neither swell nor shrink
Which of the following occurs during the equilibrium stage of cancer immunoediting
a). Tumor cells downregulate MHC expression b). T effector cells become exhausted c). Immunosuppressive cells infiltrate the tumor
Steady-state flow in a narrow tube of radius a, the total flow Q is proportional to
a^4
What are the phagocytic specialists called that are within the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs?
alveolar macrophages
If an immediate hypersensitivity reaction is concentrated primarily within the bronchioles, what condition results?
asthma
what word(s) below is NOT necessarily related to cancer
bulges
What kind of immunity involves the production of activated T lymphocytes?
cell-mediated
The frontal lobe of the brain is mainly for
cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity
The major function of the dendrites of a motor neuron is to
collect membrane signals
The ___ system, a group of inactive plasma proteins that, when sequentially activated, bring about destruction of foreign cells by attacking their plasma ____
complement, membrane
The Nernst equation represents a relationship for equilibrium between
concentration of ions and electric potential across the membrane when the net transmembrane current is zero
Sarcoma is a type of cancer originated in
connective or supportive tissue
equation for particles flux J(x,t) concentration C(x,t)
dC(x,t)/dt = -dj(x,t)/dt
Radiation therapy kills cancer cells mainly through the following mechanism:
damaging tumor cell DNA, leading to cell death
At a steady state (dV/dt = 0), action potential travels along the axon with a peak potential Em that
decreases exponentially with distance
All of the epithelial surfaces are protected by antimicrobial peptides called:
defensins
Clonal __________ is accomplished by triggering apoptosis of immature cells that would react with the body's proteins.
deletion
The process by which neutrophils and monocytes squeeze out between cells of the blood vessel wall during an inflammatory response is known as:
diapedesis
What layer of the skin is keratinized?
epidermis
Properties of the tail portion of the antibody determine the __________ properties of the antibody.
functional
The HIV virus invades and incapacitates the critical __________ cells.
helper T
Localized vasodilation is mainly induced by [----] released from mast cells in the area of tissue damage.
histamine
After switch is closed for long time what is current through resistor R and Q charge on capacitor C?
i=0 Q=CV
Once switch is closed on resistor-capacitor circuit what is the immediate current i on R and charge Q on capacitor with capacitance C?
i=V/R, Q=0
What kind of antibody does a baby receive from its mother's colostrums (first milk)?
igA
Which one of the following mechanism is NOT HIFU's cancer killing mechanism
imaging of tumor for treatment
What is another term for antibodies?
immunoglobulins
The myelin sheath on the outside of axon can
increase the speed of the action potential
What is one of the major obstacles for the surgical removal of tumor in 1800s?
infection
The depolarizing stimuli can
initiate action potential when above a threshold
The first cancer Sydney Farber tried to treat using chemotherapy is
leukemia
How are antibodies shaped?
like a Y
The spreading of cancer cells around the body from the original source is called:
metastasis
During the inflammation response, what components of the immune system are sent to the invaded or injured area?
neutrophils and monocytes
The innate immune system encompasses what type of immune response?
nonspecific
Immunodeficiency diseases can be congenital, which means:
present at birth
The checkpoint molecules in our body
suppress antitumor T cell responses
The concentrations of Na and Cl are both high outside the cell membrane. However, the equilibrium potential Ena is positive and ECl is negative because
the Na and Cl have opposite charges
The equilibrium potential across a membrane is a result of
the balance between electric force on the ions and diffusions of the ions across the membrane
One major reason for the generation of action potential is
the change of conductance of Na and K with membrane potential
The major factor that differentiates the pitch between males and females is
the mass of the vocal cords
Proton therapy relies on the following mechanism to kill tumors:
the protons stopped in the target tumor to deliver the energy to tumor cells
How many types of T cells are there?
three- killer, helper, regulatory
What effect does histamine have?
vasodilation
The targets of cytotoxic T cells most frequently are host cells infected with
viruses
Based on the written record, when did the first cancer surgery occur?
~ 500 BC
What is the percentage of cancer-related death caused by metastasis?
~ 90%
A parallel capacitor has a capacitance C. When the separation of the two plates is doubled, its capacitance becomes
½ C
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells
Helper T cells secrete several interleukins that serve collectively as a(n)
B-cell growth factor
When a person with an allergic tendency is first exposed to a particular allergen, what cytokine is secreted by compatible helper T cells?
IL-4
When a person with an allergic tendency is first exposed to a particular allergen, what cytokine is secreted by compatible helper T cells?
IL-4
What mediates the primary response?
IgM antibodies
What is the term for cellular suicide?
apoptosis
The primary foreign enemies against which the immune system defends are
bacteria and viruses
What cause neutrophils and monocytes to stick to the blood vessel wall during an inflammatory response?
cytokines
What is the most common type of antigen?
foreign proteins
What cells are responsible for the body's immune system?
leukocytes
What cells release histamine?
mast cells
What cells in the epidermis are responsible for the shades of skin color of the various races?
melanocytes
How do antibodies physically hinder some antigens from exerting their detrimental effects?
neutralization and agglutination
What are the phagocytic specialists?
neutrophils and macrophages
How many layers comprise the skin?
two
